Tsarin ci gaba na gilashi

Dangane da matakin ci gaban tarihi, ana iya raba gilashi zuwa gilashin tsoho, gilashin gargajiya, sabon gilashi da gilashin marigayi.

(1) A tarihi, tsohon gilashin yana nufin zamanin bauta. A cikin tarihin kasar Sin, tsohon gilashin ya hada da al'ummar feudal. Saboda haka, tsohon gilashi gabaɗaya yana nufin gilashin da aka yi a daular Qing. Ko da yake ana kwaikwayonsa a yau, ana iya kiransa gilashin tsoho, wanda a zahiri karya ne na tsohuwar gilashi.

(2) Gilashin gargajiya nau'i ne na kayan gilashi da samfurori, kamar gilashin lebur, gilashin kwalba, gilashin kayan aiki, gilashin fasaha da gilashin kayan ado, waɗanda aka samar da su ta hanyar narke supercooling tare da ma'adanai na halitta da duwatsu a matsayin babban kayan albarkatun kasa.

(3) Sabon gilashi, wanda kuma aka sani da sabon gilashin aiki da gilashin aiki na musamman, wani nau'i ne na gilashi wanda a fili ya bambanta da gilashin gargajiya a cikin abun da ke ciki, shirye-shiryen albarkatun kasa, sarrafawa, aiki da aikace-aikace, kuma yana da takamaiman ayyuka kamar haske. lantarki, maganadisu, zafi, sunadarai da biochemistry. Yana da wani babban-tech m abu tare da yawa iri, kananan samar da sikelin da sauri haɓaka, Irin su Tantancewar ajiya gilashin, uku-girma waveguide gilashin, spectral rami kona gilashin da sauransu.

(4) Yana da wahala a ba da ma'anar gilashin gaba. Ya kamata ya zama gilashin da za a iya haɓaka a nan gaba bisa ga jagorancin ci gaban kimiyya ko hasashe na ka'idar.

Komai tsohon gilashi, gilashin gargajiya, sabon gilashi ko gilashin gaba, duk suna da gama-gari da ɗaiɗaikun su. Dukkansu daskararru ne masu amorphous tare da halayen yanayin canjin gilashin. Duk da haka, hali yana canzawa tare da lokaci, wato, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin ma'ana da tsawo a lokuta daban-daban: misali, sabon gilashi a cikin karni na 20 zai zama gilashin gargajiya a karni na 21; Wani misali kuma shi ne cewa yumbun gilashi wani sabon nau'in gilashi ne a shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, amma yanzu ya zama kayayyaki da kayan gini da ake samarwa da yawa; A halin yanzu, gilashin photonic sabon kayan aiki ne don bincike da samar da gwaji. A cikin 'yan shekaru, yana iya zama gilashin gargajiya da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Ta fuskar bunkasa gilashin, yana da nasaba da yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki a wancan lokacin. Sai kawai kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki za su iya bunkasa gilashi. Bayan kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin, musamman tun bayan da aka yi gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga kasashen waje, karfin samar da makamashi na kasar Sin da matakin fasaha na gilashi, gilashin yau da kullum, fiber gilashi da fiber na gani sun kasance a sahun gaba a duniya.

Har ila yau, ci gaban gilashin yana da alaƙa da bukatun al'umma, wanda zai inganta ci gaban gilashin. Gilashin ko da yaushe ana amfani da shi azaman kwantena, kuma kwantenan gilashin suna da wani yanki mai yawa na fitowar gilashin. Duk da haka, a cikin tsohuwar kasar Sin, fasahar kere kere na yumbura ya kasance da haɓaka, ingancin ya fi kyau, kuma amfani ya dace. Yana da wuya ya zama dole don haɓaka kwantena gilashin da ba a sani ba, don haka gilashin ya kasance a cikin kayan ado na kwaikwayo da fasaha, don haka yana rinjayar ci gaban gilashin gaba ɗaya; Duk da haka, a yammacin duniya, mutane suna sha'awar yin amfani da gilashin gilashi, saitin giya da sauran kwantena, wanda ke inganta ci gaban kwantena na gilashi. A sa'i daya kuma, a lokacin da ake amfani da gilasai wajen kera na'urori na gani da na'urorin sinadarai a yammacin kasar, don inganta ci gaban kimiyyar gwaji, masana'antar gilashin kasar Sin na cikin wani mataki na "jade like" kuma yana da wuya a shiga fadar. kimiyya.

Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, buƙatar girma da nau'in gilashin na ci gaba da karuwa, kuma inganci, aminci da farashin gilashin suna ƙara daraja. Bukatar makamashi, ilimin halitta da kayan muhalli don gilashin yana ƙara zama cikin gaggawa. Ana buƙatar gilashi don samun ayyuka da yawa, dogara ƙasa da albarkatu da makamashi, da rage gurɓatar muhalli da lalacewa.

Bisa ga ka'idodin da ke sama, ci gaban gilashin dole ne ya bi ka'idar ci gaban kimiyya, kuma ci gaban kore da ƙananan tattalin arzikin carbon shine ko da yaushe jagorancin ci gaban gilashi. Kodayake buƙatun ci gaban kore sun bambanta a cikin matakan tarihi daban-daban, yanayin gaba ɗaya iri ɗaya ne. Kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu, an yi amfani da itace a matsayin man fetur wajen samar da gilashi. An sare dazuzzuka tare da lalata muhalli; A karni na 17, Biritaniya ta hana amfani da itace, don haka an yi amfani da kilns na murhun wuta. A cikin karni na 19, an gabatar da kiln tanki na sake farfadowa; An samar da wutar lantarki mai narkewa a cikin karni na 20; A cikin karni na 21, an sami wani yanayi na narkewar da ba na al'ada ba, wato, maimakon yin amfani da tanderu da crucibles na gargajiya, ana amfani da narke na yau da kullun, narkewar konewa da ke nutsewa, bayanin vacuum da narkewar plasma mai ƙarfi. Daga cikin su, an gwada narke na yau da kullun, bayanin sarari da narkewar jini a cikin samarwa.

Modular narkewa ne da za'ayi a kan tushen preheating tsari tsari a gaban kiln a cikin karni na 20, wanda zai iya ajiye 6.5% na man fetur. A cikin 2004, kamfanin Owens Illinois ya gudanar da gwajin samarwa. Amfanin makamashin hanyar narkewar gargajiya shine 7.5mj/kga, yayin da na hanyar narkewar module ya kasance 5mu/KGA, yana ceton 33.3%.

Dangane da bayanin injin, an samar dashi a cikin tanki mai matsakaicin 20 t / D, wanda zai iya rage yawan kuzarin narkewa da bayyanawa da kusan 30%. Dangane da bayanin vacuum, an kafa tsarin narkewar ƙarni na gaba (NGMS).

A cikin 1994, Burtaniya ta fara amfani da plasma don gwajin narkewar gilashi. A cikin 2003, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Gilashin Masana'antu ta Amurka ta aiwatar da gilashin narkewar plasma mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, gwajin ƙaramin tanki na fiber gilashi, adana sama da 40% makamashi. Sabuwar hukumar bunkasa fasahar kere-kere ta kasar Japan ta kuma shirya Asahi nitko da Jami'ar fasaha ta Tokyo don kafa injin gwaji na 1 T/D tare. Batch ɗin gilashin yana narke a cikin jirgin ta hanyar dumama plasma induction mitar rediyo. Lokacin narkewa shine kawai 2 ~ 3 h, kuma cikakken ƙarfin amfani da gilashin ƙãre shine 5.75 MJ / kg.

A cikin 2008, Xunzi ya gudanar da gwajin fadada gilashin soda lemun tsami 100t, an rage lokacin narkewa zuwa 1/10 na asali, an rage yawan amfani da makamashi da 50%, Co, a'a, an rage fitar da gurbataccen iska da kashi 50%. Sabuwar masana'antar makamashi ta Japan (NEDO) cikakkiyar fasahar ci gaba ta hukumar tana shirin yin amfani da kiln gwajin gilashin soda lemun tsami 1t don batching, narkewar cikin jirgin tare da tsarin bayyanawa, kuma tana shirin rage yawan kuzarin da ake amfani da shi zuwa gilashin 3767kj / kg a shekarar 2012.