Nika Gilashin

Gilashin sassaƙa shi ne sassaƙa da sassaka samfuran gilashi tare da injin niƙa iri-iri. A wasu wallafe-wallafen, ana kiransa "bin yankan" da "zane". Marubucin yana ganin ya fi dacewa a yi amfani da niƙa don sassaƙa, domin yana nuna aikin injin niƙa, ta yadda za a nuna bambanci da kowane irin wuƙaƙen sassaƙa na fasaha da fasaha na gargajiya; Yakin nika da sassaƙa ya fi faɗi, gami da sassaƙa da sassaƙa. Ana iya raba nika da zane a kan gilashi zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa:

(1) Zane-zanen jirgin sama (zane) a kan gilashi don samun nau'i daban-daban da alamu ana kiransa zanen gilashi. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'i-nau'i uku, zane-zane na jirgin sama a nan ba lallai ba ne ya koma jirgin da gilashin lebur a matsayin tushe, ciki har da nau'in gilashin gilashi daban-daban, lambobin yabo, abubuwan tunawa, nuni, da dai sauransu, amma galibi yana nufin yanayin sararin samaniya mai girma biyu, Mafi yawan. na gogen gilashin yana zanen jirgin sama.

(2) sculpture na taimako wani nau'in samfuri ne wanda ke sassaƙa hoto a saman gilashin, wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa sauƙi mara zurfi (jinkirin ciki) da babban taimako. Hoton taimako mai zurfi yana nufin jin daɗin cewa rabon kauri na hoto ɗaya da kauri na ainihi daga layin matsayi zuwa saman taimako yana kusan 1/10; Babban taimako yana nufin taimako inda rabo daga kauri na hoto guda ɗaya zuwa kauri na ainihi daga layin matsayi zuwa saman taimako ya wuce 2 / 5. Taimakon ya dace don kallo a gefe ɗaya.

(3) Zagaye sassaka wani nau'i ne na gilashin gilashin da ba a haɗa shi da kowane bango ba kuma ya dace da godiyar kusurwa da yawa, ciki har da kai, bust, dukan jiki, rukuni da samfurin dabba.

(4) Semi-circle yana nufin wani nau'in sassaken gilashin da ke amfani da fasaha na sassaƙa sassa don sassaƙa babban ɓangaren da ake buƙatar bayyanawa, kuma ya watsar da sashin na biyu ya zama sassaka na rabin zagaye.

(5) Zanen layi yana nufin sassaƙa a saman gilashi tare da layin Yin ko layin Yang a matsayin babban siffar. Yana da wuya a iya bambanta sassaƙawar layi da sassaƙawar jirgin sama.

(6) Aiki na buɗewa yana nufin sauƙi na fashe benen gilashin. Kuna iya ganin shimfidar wuri a bayan taimako daga gaba ta cikin sararin bene.

Saboda ɓata lokaci na zane-zanen gilashin, sassaƙaƙƙun madauwari da sassaƙawar buɗe ido, gilashin yawanci ana fara siffata shi zuwa ƙwanƙwasa, sannan kuma a sassaƙa shi. Waɗannan galibi ayyukan fasaha ne. Samar da na yau da kullun shine sassaƙan layi, taimako da samfuran gilashin sassaƙan jirgi.

Gilashi sassaƙa yana da dogon tarihi. A cikin karni na 7 BC, kayan gilashin da aka goge sun bayyana a Mesopotamiya, kuma a Farisa daga karni na 7 BC zuwa karni na 5 BC, an zana nau'in magarya a kasan faranti na gilashi. A lokacin Achaemenid na Masar a cikin 50 BC, samar da gilashin ƙasa ya sami wadata sosai. A ƙarni na farko AD, mutanen Romawa sun yi amfani da dabaran don sassaƙa kayan gilashi. Daga 700 zuwa 1400 ad, ma'aikatan gilasan Islama sun yi amfani da fasahar sassaƙa da na'urar agaji guda huɗu don sarrafa saman gilashin da yin gilashin taimako. A tsakiyar karni na 17, Ravenscroft, Bature, ƙasa da kwarkwasa gilashin ingancin gubar. Saboda babban maƙasudin refractive da tarwatsawa, da kuma fayyace mai kyau, gilashin kristal gubar yana samar da fuska mai santsi bayan niƙa. Irin wannan nau'in fuskar fuska mai yawa yana inganta tasirin gilashin kuma yana samar da haske mai yawa a saman gilashin, wanda ke sa samfuran gilashin su zama masu haske da haske, kuma suna inganta jin dadin kayan gilashin, Zama kayayyakin gilashi iri-iri, wato nika da kayan kwalliyar gilashi. Daga 1729 zuwa 1851, masana'antar Waterford a Ireland kuma ta haɓaka gilashin kristal na ƙasa, wanda ya sanya gilashin kristal na Waterford ya shahara saboda bango mai kauri da zurfin lissafi. An kafa shi a cikin 1765 a cikin masana'antar gilashin Baccarat, Faransa, gilashin kristal da aka samar kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun gilashin niƙa a Turai, wanda ake kira gilashin baccarat kuma ana fassara shi azaman gilashin baccarat. Akwai kuma Swarovski da Bohemia niƙa gilashin crystal, kamar Swarovski's nika crystal ball, wanda aka yanke da kasa zuwa 224 gefuna. Hasken yana haskakawa daga saman ciki na gefuna da yawa kuma an cire shi daga gefuna da sasanninta. Waɗannan gefuna da sasanninta kuma suna aiki azaman prisms kuma a wani bangare suna lalata farin haske zuwa nau'ikan iri bakwai, suna nuna kyakykyawan haske. Bugu da kari, gilashin kasa na kasuwancin orefors a Sweden shima yana da inganci.

Ana iya raba tsarin niƙa da zanen gilashi zuwa nau'i biyu: zane da zane.

Zane gilashin

Gilashin da aka zana wani nau'in samfuri ne wanda ke amfani da dabaran jujjuyawar da kuma abrasive ko Emery wheel don ƙara ruwa don yin jirgin gilashin zuwa tsari da tsari.

Nau'in zanen gilashi

Dangane da fasahar sarrafawa da tasiri, ana iya raba furen gilashi zuwa sassaƙawar gefe da sassaƙawar ciyawa.

(1) Zane-zanen gefen (kyakkyawan zane mai zurfi, zane mai zurfi, jujjuya zane) yana niƙa tare da sassaƙa saman gilashin zuwa wani fili mai faɗi ko kusurwa, kuma yana haɗa wasu alamu da alamu tare da tsagi mai zurfi mai zurfi daban-daban, kamar tauraro, radial, polygon, da sauransu. ., wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai guda uku: m nika, lafiya nika da goge baki.

Saboda ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin, ainihin abubuwan da ke gefen gefen su ne ma'anar da'ira, bakin kaifi (m gajeriyar hatsi a duka iyakar), babban mashaya (tsagi mai zurfi), siliki, gyaran fuska, da dai sauransu bayan sauƙaƙawa da lalacewa. Ana iya nuna dabbobi, furanni da tsire-tsire. Siffofin waɗannan sassa na asali sune kamar haka:

① Za a iya raba ɗigo zuwa cikakken da'irar, semicircle da ellipse. Ana iya amfani da kowane nau'in ɗigo guda ɗaya, a hade kuma a haɗa su. Idan aka kwatanta da kaifi baki, za su iya ƙara canje-canje.

Jiankou Jiankou ya kasu kashi biyu, wanda galibi a cikin nau'in hadewa ne. Hanyoyin haɗin kai na gama gari sune Baijie, rouzhuan, fantou, fure, dusar ƙanƙara da sauransu. Baijie na iya samar da Baijie mai ban sha'awa, Baijie mai zurfi, Baijie na ciki da sauransu, kuma yawancin canje-canje na iya bayyana lokacin da adadin Baijie ya bambanta. Ana amfani da alamu tare da haɗin baki mai kaifi azaman babban jiki a cikin sassaƙawar gefen.

③ Silk wani nau'in siriri ne kuma alamar tsagi mara zurfi. Siffofin siliki daban-daban suna ba wa mutane laushi da laushi a zanen mota

Hanyar da nau'ikan siliki daban-daban suna haɗa juna, wanda zai iya gabatar da manyan ɗakuna kamar siffar gem da siffar chrysanthemum, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi 18-41.

④ Bars suna da kauri da zurfi. Sanduna suna lanƙwasa kuma madaidaiciya. Madaidaicin sanduna suna santsi da kyau. Ana amfani da sanduna musamman don rarraba sararin samaniya da samar da kwarangwal. The refraction na gilashin aka yafi gane da su.

① Bakin, kasa da ƙasa na kayan aiki, da wuraren da ke da wuyar aiwatar da sarrafa tsari mai kyau, yawanci ana bi da su tare da gefen gefen.

Ta hanyar haɗuwa da nakasawa, abubuwa biyar na sama na iya nuna dabbobi, furanni da tsire-tsire, don haka suna samar da sassaka daban-daban.

Ya kamata a yi amfani da ƙa'idar bambanci gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙirar ƙirar gefen, kuma ya kamata a kwatanta sandar kauri da ƙarfi tare da m ido. Ya kamata mu mai da hankali ga canji na bangaren bangare na babban mashaya, ba kamar abin da ya dace ba kamar chessboard. Tsarin babban mashaya ya kamata ya zama mai yawa sosai, don kauce wa rikice-rikice. Hakanan zamu iya amfani da bambanci tsakanin m da matte, haƙiƙanci da m don ƙara ƙawata ƙirar.

Ƙa'idar haɗin kai tana da mahimmanci daidai a cikin ƙirar ƙirar sassaƙa. Kada a yi amfani da abubuwa daban-daban na ado da yawa kuma da yawa, wato, abubuwa kamar dige-dige da idanu na lissafi bai kamata a jera su tare ba. Idan siffar ƙafafun shine babban samfurin, sauran samfurori ya kamata su kasance a cikin matsayi na tarko. Wasu samfuran gilashin tantancewa na ƙasashen waje suna amfani da nau'in nau'i ɗaya kawai don samar da ɗigo. A cikin kalma, ƙirar ƙirar ƙãre gefen gilashin da aka zana ya kamata yayi la'akari da ka'idar bambanci da haɗin kai, wato, neman haɗin kai da bambanci da haɗawa da bambanci a cikin haɗin kai. Ta wannan hanyar ne kawai zai iya zama mai haske da dabi'a ba tare da rikici ba, jituwa da kwanciyar hankali ba tare da monotony ba.