Na hemahema o ke aniani

hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Mai ke kaʻina hana maka, ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka wehewehe ʻana, ka homogenization, ka hoʻoluʻu, ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ke kaʻina ʻokiʻoki, ka luku ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kaʻina a i ʻole ka hewa o ke kaʻina hana e hōʻike i nā hemahema like ʻole i ka pā mua o ke aniani pālahalaha.

ʻO nā hemahema o ke aniani pālahalaha e hoʻemi nui i ka maikaʻi o ke aniani, a e hoʻopilikia koʻikoʻi i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ke aniani, a i ʻole ke kumu o ka nui o nā huahana ʻōpala. Nui nā ʻano hemahema o ke aniani pālahalaha a me nā kumu. Wahi a nā hemahema i loko a me waho o ke aniani, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā hemahema o loko a me nā hemahema. Aia nā hemahema o loko o ke aniani ma ke kino aniani. Wahi a ko lākou mau mokuʻāina like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: bubbles (gas inclusions), pōhaku (solid inclusions), stripes and nodules (glass inclusions). Hoʻopuka nui ʻia nā hemahema i ke kaʻina hana, annealing a me ka ʻoki ʻana, me ka deformation optical (kahi kikoʻī), scratch (abrasion), nā hemahema o ka maka (ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao, concave convex, nalo angle), etc.

ʻO nā ʻano kīnā like ʻole, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano noiʻi, inā loaʻa kahi kīnā i ke aniani, pono pinepine e hele.

Ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano hana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻoholo pololei. Ma ke kumu o ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu, pono e lawe ʻia nā hana kūpono

Ke hoʻomau nei nā hana kūpono e pale ai i nā hemahema.

ʻōhū

ʻO nā pōpō i loko o ke aniani ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ke kinoea inclusions, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia wale i ka maikaʻi o ka hiʻohiʻona o nā huahana aniani, akā pili pū kekahi i ka ʻike a me ka ikaika mechanical o ke aniani. No laila, he ʻano defect vitreous ia i maʻalahi e huki i ka nānā ʻana o nā kānaka.

ʻO ka nui o ka ʻōhū mai kahi hapaʻumi o ka millimeter a i kekahi mau millimeters. E like me ka nui. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pōpō i nā ʻōhū hina (diameter SM) a me ke kinoea (diameter > 0.8m), a ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻano, me ka spherical, graphical a me ka laina. ʻO ka deformation o nā bubbles ma muli o ke kaʻina hana huahana. He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano kemika o nā ʻōhū, a loaʻa pinepine iā 2, N2, Co, CO2, SO2, hydrogen oxide a me ke kinoea wai.

E like me nā kumu like ʻole o nā ʻōhū, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻōhū mua (nā puʻupuʻu koena puʻupuʻu), nā ʻūlū lua, nā ʻōpū ea o waho, nā ʻōpū refractory a me nā ʻōpala i hana ʻia e ka hao hao a pēlā aku. I ke kaʻina hana, nui nā kumu no ka bubbles i nā huahana aniani, a paʻakikī loa ke kūlana. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ʻo ka hana mua e hoʻoholo i ka wā a me kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ʻōpala, a laila e aʻo i nā mea maka, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana, i mea e hoʻoholo ai i nā kumu o kā lākou hoʻokumu ʻana, a lawe nā hana kūpono e hoʻoponopono iā lākou.

ʻIkepili a me ka pōhaku (hoʻokomo paʻa)

ʻO ka pōhaku kahi hoʻokomo paʻa kristal i loko o ke kino aniani. ʻO ia ka pōʻino loa o ke kino aniani, e hoʻopilikia nui i ka maikaʻi o ke aniani. ʻAʻole ia e hōʻino wale i ka helehelena a me ka homogeneity optical o nā huahana aniani, akā e hōʻemi hoʻi i ka waiwai hoʻohana o nā huahana. ʻO ia ke kumu nui o ka nahā a me ka pōʻino o ke aniani. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka pōhaku a me ke aniani a puni, no laila ke koʻikoʻi kūloko, kahi e hōʻemi nui ai i ka ikaika mechanical a me ka paʻa wela o ka huahana, a hiki i ka mea e haki ai ka huahana. ʻOi loa i ka emi ʻana o ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela o ka pōhaku ma mua o ke aniani a puni, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke koʻikoʻi tensile ma ke aniani o ke aniani, a ʻike pinepine ʻia nā māwae radial. I loko o nā huahana aniani, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā pōhaku, no laila e hoʻāʻo mākou i ka mea maikaʻi loa e hoʻopau iā lākou. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā pōhaku, ʻo kekahi me nā kiko nani, a hiki i kekahi ke like me nā hua manu a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi o lākou e ka maka ʻōlohelohe a i ʻole ke aniani hoʻonui, a hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia kekahi e ka microscope optical a i ʻole microscope electron. Ma muli o ka pili mau ʻana o nā pōhaku me ke aniani wai, hele pinepine ʻia lākou me nā nodules, nā laina a i ʻole nā ​​​​ripples.

ʻO ka ʻeha a me ka ʻeha nodal (hoʻokomo aniani)

Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻano aniani heterogeneous i loko o ke kino aniani he mau aniani aniani (nā kaha a me nā knots). He mau hemahema maʻamau lākou i ke aniani inhomogeneity. He ʻokoʻa lākou i ke kino aniani i ka haku mele a me nā waiwai kino (ka helu refractive, density, viscosity, surface tension, thermal expansion, mechanical strength and time color).

Ma muli o ka puka ʻana o ka striation a me ka nodule i nā degere like ʻole ma ke kino vitreous, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka pilina ma waena o ka striation a me ka nodule a me ke aniani, e hōʻike ana i ke komo ʻana ma muli o ke kahe a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe physicochemical. Hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ke aniani a i ʻole ma ka ʻili o ke aniani. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he striated, linear a i ʻole fibrous kekahi, i kekahi manawa e puka mai ana e like me kahi ʻāpana kelp. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻōniʻoniʻo maikaʻi i ka maka a ʻike ʻia ma ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kani. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia kēia i ke aniani optical. No nā huahana aniani maʻamau, hiki ke ʻae ʻia kahi degere o ka like ʻole me ka ʻole o kā lākou hana. ʻO Nodule kekahi ʻano aniani heterogeneous me ke ʻano hāʻule a me ke ʻano kumu. I nā huahana, ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka granule, poloka a ʻāpana paha. Hiki ke waihoʻoluʻu, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele paha ke kala a me ka arthralgia ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole.