ʻO ke kūlana maikaʻi o ka ʻōmole aniani

Pūnaehana maʻamau
1 Nā kūlana a me nā ʻōnaehana maʻamau no nā ʻōmole aniani

ʻO ka pauku 52 o ke Kānāwai Drug Administration o ka People's Republic of China e ʻōlelo nei: "Pono nā mea hoʻopili a me nā pahu i pili pono me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻokō i nā koi no ka hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kūlana palekana." Paukū 44 o ka Implementation Regulations of the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China i ʻōlelo ʻia: ʻO nā ana hoʻokele, nā papa inoa huahana, a me nā koi lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā maʻamau no nā mea hoʻopihapiha lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ipu i hoʻokumu ʻia a paʻi ʻia e ke keʻena hoʻoponopono lāʻau o ka mokuʻāina. . "E like me nā koi o nā kānāwai a me nā hoʻoponopono i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ua hoʻonohonoho ka State Drug Administration i nā pūʻulu mai 2002. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia a hoʻopuka i nā kūlana 113 no nā pahu pahu lāʻau lapaʻau (mau mea) (me ka 2004 i hoʻolālā ʻia i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu), me nā kūlana 43 no ka hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO nā pahu pahu (mea waiwai), a ʻo ka helu o nā maʻamau i helu ʻia no 38% o ka nui o nā kūlana kauhale kauā lāʻau. Hoʻopili ka pae maʻamau i nā ipu kīʻaha kīʻaha lāʻau lapaʻau no nā ʻano injection like ʻole e like me ka pauka, ka wai injections, infusions, tablets, pill, oral liquids and lyophilized, vaccines, blood products and other dosage forms. Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao omole aniani lapaʻau piha piha. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kēia mau kūlana, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ipu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā kūlana honua a me ka mākeke honua, ka hoʻolaha a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka olakino olakino. , hoʻonohonoho, a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana aniani lāʻau lapaʻau Kina , He manaʻo koʻikoʻi a me ke kuleana.

ʻO nā ʻōmole aniani lāʻau lapaʻau nā mea hoʻopili e pili pono ana me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Noho lākou i kahi hapa nui ma ke kahua o nā mea hoʻopihapiha lāʻau lapaʻau, a loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai a me nā pono kūpono ʻole. He hopena koʻikoʻi ko lākou mau kūlana i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana.

Pūnaehana lāʻau lapaʻau
2 Pūnaehana maʻamau no nā ʻōmole aniani lāʻau
Wahi a ka State Drug Administration no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili lāʻau lapaʻau i puʻunaue ʻia e nā mea, hoʻokahi mea (ʻokoʻa) a me hoʻokahi maʻamau, aia he 43 mau kūlana no nā ʻōmole aniani lāʻau i hoʻopuka ʻia a e hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Ua māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e like me ke ʻano maʻamau. Aia he 23 mau huahana ma ka māhele mua, he 18 i ho'opuka 'ia, a he 5 i ho'olālā 'ia e ho'oku'u 'ia i ka makahiki 2004; He 17 mau maʻamau o ke ʻano hoʻāʻo ʻelua ʻano, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia he 10, a ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 2004. Aia he 3 mau kūlana kumu o ke kolu o ka māhele, 1 o ia mea i paʻi ʻia, 2 e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i 2004. Aia he 23 mau ʻano huahana ma ka ʻāpana mua, i māhele ʻia i 8 mau ʻano e like me nā ʻano huahana, me ka "Molded Injection Bottles" 3 "Controlled Injection Bottles" 3 "Glass Infusion Bottles" 3 "Mold Pharmaceutical Bottles" 3 "Tube ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau 3 mau mea o "Bottles", 3 mau mea o "Controlled Oral Liquid Bottles", 3 mau mea o "Ampoules" a me 3 mau mea o "Glass Medicinal Tubes" (Note: He huahana semi-finished kēia huahana no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōmole mana a me ampoules).
ʻEkolu mau ʻano mea hoʻopaʻa, me 8 mau mea o ke aniani borosilicate. ʻO ke aniani borosilicate ka α = (4 ～ 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ～ 300 ℃) ke aniani kū ʻole a me ka α = (3. 2 ~ 3. 4) × 10 (-6) K (- 1) (20 ~ 300 ° C) 3.3 aniani Borosilicate. Hana ʻia kēia ʻano aniani i ke aniani kūʻokoʻa honua, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ke aniani Class I a i ʻole ka papa A. Aia he 8 mau mea o ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa he α = (6.2 a 7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 a 300 ℃). ʻO kēia ʻano mea aniani ke aniani quasi-neutral kū hoʻokahi o Kina ʻaʻole hiki ke kūlike me nā kūlana honua. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he papa B. Soda-lime aniani 7 mau mea, soda-lime aniani he α = (7.6 a 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 a 300 ℃), kēia ʻano aniani mea maʻamau i vulcanized, a me ka pale wai ka ʻili Hiki i ka pae 2.
He 17 mau maʻamau no ke ʻano ʻelua o nā ʻano nānā. Hoʻopili maoli kēia mau ʻano hana nānā i nā mea nānā like ʻole e like me ka hana a me nā hōʻailona o nā ʻano ʻōmole aniani lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā waiwai kemika i ka wai hou e like me nā kūlana ISO. nā ʻōmole aniani lāʻau lapaʻau i nā lāʻau o nā waiwai like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻano. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōmole aniani lāʻau lapaʻau a no laila e pāʻani nui ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano ʻike no ka nui o ka leaching o nā mea ʻino e hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā hue aniani lāʻau. Pono e hoʻonui hou ʻia nā kūlana hoʻokolohua no nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke ʻano hoʻāʻo no ka pale ʻana i ka ampoules alkali-resistant, ke ʻano hoʻāʻo no ka haki ʻana i ka ikaika, a me ke ʻano hoʻāʻo no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka haʻalulu hauʻoli nā mea a pau i ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau.
Aia 3 maʻamau maʻamau i ke kolu o ka māhele. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo "Classification and Test Methods of Medical Glass Bottles" pili i ka ISO 12775-1997 "Classification and Test Methods of Glass in Normal Large-Scale Production". ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōmole a me nā ʻano hana hoʻāʻo he wehewehe maopopo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea aniani mai nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kūlana kumu ʻelua ʻē aʻe e kaupalena i nā mea ʻino o nā mea aniani, ke alakaʻi, cadmium, arsenic, a me antimony, e hōʻoia i ka palekana a me ka pono o nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau.

Nā ʻano o nā ʻōmole lāʻau

3 Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka maʻamau o ke aniani lāʻau lapaʻau
He lālā koʻikoʻi ka maʻamau kīʻaha kīʻaha lāʻau lapaʻau o ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau no nā mea hoʻopihapiha lāʻau. No ka mea e pili pono ana na omole aniani lapaau me na laau lapaau, a pono e malama ia kekahi o ia mau mea no ka manawa loihi, pili pono ka maikai o na omole aniani laau i ka maikai o na laau a pili i ke ola kino kanaka. No laila, ʻo ka maʻamau o nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau he koi kūikawā a koʻikoʻi, i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia penei:
ʻOi aku ka ʻōnaehana a me ka laulā, e hoʻonui ai i ka koho o nā kūlana huahana a lanakila i ka lag o nā kūlana i nā huahana
ʻO ka huahana likeʻole iʻikeʻia e ka maʻamau hou e pili ana i ke kumu o ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā kūlana likeʻole e pili ana i nā mea likeʻole, e hoʻonui nui i ka laulā o ka maʻamau, e hoʻonui i ka pono a me ke kohoʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me nā lāʻau kūikawā i nā mea aniani likeʻole a me nā hana likeʻole. nā huahana, a me nā hoʻololi ʻO nā maʻamau i nā kūlana huahana maʻamau ma hope o ka hoʻomohala huahana.
No ka laʻana, ma waena o nā ʻano 8 o nā huahana aniani lāʻau lapaʻau i uhi ʻia e ka maʻamau hou, ua māhele ʻia kēlā me kēia huahana i 3 mau ʻāpana e like me ka mea a me ka hana, ʻo ka ʻāpana mua he aniani borosilicate, ʻo ka lua o ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ke kolu. He aniani soda lime ka papa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kekahi huahana o kekahi ʻano mea, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kūlana no kēia ʻano huahana, e hoʻonā i ka pilikia o ka lohi i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana maʻamau. ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole me nā māka like ʻole, nā waiwai like ʻole, nā hoʻohana ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano dosage ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a ʻoi aku ka koho no nā ʻano huahana like ʻole a me nā kūlana.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ke aniani borosilicate a me ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke kūlana honua ISO 4802. 1-1988 “Water Resistance of Glassware and Glass Containers' Inner Surfaces. Mahele 1: Hoʻoholo a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka Titration. Hōʻike ʻia ke aniani) he aniani i loaʻa ka 5 a 13% (m / m) o ka boron trioxide (B-2O-3), akā ʻo ISO 12775 "Classification of glass composition a me nā ʻano hoʻāʻo no ka hana nui maʻamau" i hoʻopuka ʻia ma 1997 ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka borosilicate ʻO ke aniani (me ke aniani kū ʻole) loaʻa ka boron trioxide (B-2O-3) ma mua o 8% (m / m). Wahi a ka makahiki 1997 ma waena o ka honua no nā loina hoʻohālikelike aniani, ʻaʻole pono e kāhea ʻia nā mea aniani e pili ana i 2% (m / m) o B-2O-3, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana kīʻaha kīʻaha Kina no nā makahiki he nui. aniani borosilicate a i ʻole aniani kū ʻole. Hōʻike ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi o nā ʻāpana wai aniani a me nā hoʻāʻo kūʻē i ka wai o loko o kēia mau mea i ka pae 1 a me HC1, a i ʻole ma waena o nā kihi o ka Papa 1 a me ka Papa 2. ʻO ke aniani e loaʻa ʻole ka hemahema a i ʻole ka ʻili ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana, akā ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano aniani ma Kina no nā makahiki he nui. Mālama ka maʻamau hou i kēia ʻano aniani a kuhikuhi i kāna B-2O- Pono ka ʻike o 3 i nā koi o 5-8% (m / m). Ua wehewehe maopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia ʻano aniani he aniani borosilicate (a i ʻole aniani neutral), a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa.
Hoʻohana ikaika i nā kūlana ISO. Kūlike nā kūlana hou me nā kūlana honua. ʻO nā kūlana hou e pili pono ana i nā kūlana ISO a me nā kūlana ʻoihana a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kelemānia, Iapana a me nā ʻāina holomua ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohui i nā kūlana maoli o ka ʻoihana kīʻaha kīʻaha Kina mai nā ʻano ʻelua o nā ʻano aniani a me nā mea aniani. Loaʻa i nā kūlana honua.
Nā ʻano mea aniani: Aia nā ʻano aniani 4 i ka maʻamau hou, me nā ʻano 2 o ke aniani borosilicate, me 3.3 aniani borosilicate [α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] A me 5.0 0 aniani neutral [α = (4 a 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1)], aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa [α = (6.2 a 7. 5) × 10 (-6 ) K (-1) ] 1 ʻano, aniani soda-lime [α = (7.6 ~ 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1)] 1 ʻano, no laila aia nā ʻano aniani 4 ma ka mea.

No ka mea, he nui ka nui o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka wai lime soda i ka hana maoli a me ka noi ʻana, ua māhele ʻia i 5 mau ʻano e like me ka huahana. ʻO nā ʻano aniani 4 ma luna aʻe a me 5 mau ʻano huahana aniani e pili ana i nā kūlana honua, US Pharmacopoeia a me nā ʻōmole aniani lāʻau lapaʻau Kina. Eia kekahi, o nā huahana 8 i uhi ʻia e ka maʻamau, ʻo nā ampoules wale nō i hoʻomohala i nā kūlana 2, "borosilicate glass ampoules" a me "haʻahaʻa borosilicate glass ampoules," a hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o α = (4 a 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) o ke aniani borosilicate 5.0 me ka ʻole α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) o 3. 3 aniani borosilicate ʻO ka mea nui no ka loaʻa ʻole o ia huahana ma ka honua. , a he kiʻekiʻe ka wahi palupalu o ke aniani borosilicate 3.3, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻopaʻa i ka ampoule. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka maʻamau honua he 5.0 borosilicate aniani ampoule wale nō, ʻaʻohe 3.3 borosilicate aniani ampoule a me ka soda-lime aniani ampoule. E pili ana i Kina ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa borosilicate aniani ampoules, 5.0 borosilicate aniani ampoules 'aʻole i hoʻokumu 'ia i kekahi manawa kiko'ī o ka nui-nui paʻa hana ma Kina ma muli o nā kumu likeʻole, a hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hoʻololi huahana. I ka hopena, ua kaupalena ʻia ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa. Ampoule, hoʻomohala i ka 5.0 borosilicate glass ampoule e hoʻokō i ka hoʻohui piha me nā kūlana honua a me nā huahana i ka hiki.
Hana ʻia nā mea aniani: ʻO ka coefficient hoʻonui wela α i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka maʻamau hou, 3.3 aniani borosilicate a me 5.0 aniani borosilicate e kūlike loa me nā kūlana honua. He kū hoʻokahi ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa i Kina, a ʻaʻohe mea like ʻole i nā kūlana honua. Hōʻike ke aniani soda-lime ISO i ka α = (8 ～ 10) × 10 (-6) K (-1), a ʻo ka maʻamau hou e kuhikuhi i ka α = (7.6–9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1 ) , ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā hōʻailona ma mua o nā kūlana honua. Ma ka maʻamau hou, ʻo nā waiwai kemika o ke aniani borosilicate 3.3, ke aniani borosilicate 5.0 a me ke aniani soda-lime ma 121 ° C e kūlike me nā kūlana honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā koi no ka hana kemika o ka boron oxide (B-2O-3) i loko o nā ʻano aniani ʻekolu e pili pono ana i nā kūlana honua.
ʻO ka hana huahana aniani: ʻO ka hana huahana i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka maʻamau hou, ʻo ke kūpaʻa wai o loko, ke kū ʻana o ka haʻalulu wela, a me nā hōʻailona kūʻē i ke kaomi kūloko e kūlike me nā kūlana honua. ʻO ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o loko o ka maʻamau ISO e kuhikuhi ana i ka ampoule he 50nm / mm, nā huahana ʻē aʻe he 40nm / mm, a ʻo ka maʻamau hou e kuhikuhi ana he 40nm / mm ka ampoule, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ampoule i loko o ka ampoule. ISO kūlana.

Lapaʻau ʻōmole noi
Hoʻohana i nā kūlana ʻōmole aniani lāʻau lapaʻau
Hoʻokumu nā huahana like ʻole a me nā mea like ʻole i kahi ʻōnaehana maʻamau o nā ʻoki ʻoki, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kumu kūpono a me nā kūlana no nā ipu aniani ʻepekema, kūpono a kūpono hoʻi no nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole i nā ʻano dosage like ʻole, nā waiwai like ʻole a me nā māka like ʻole no nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau pono e hahai i kēia mau loina:
Paʻa kemika
Nā Kumu Kūʻai Kemika maikaʻi a kūpono
ʻO ka ipu aniani i hoʻohana ʻia e paʻa i nā ʻano lāʻau āpau e pono ke kūpono maikaʻi me ka lāʻau, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka hana ʻana, mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole pono e paʻa nā waiwai kemika o ka ipu aniani, a me kekahi mau mea ma waena ʻaʻole pono ia mau mea. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole a i ʻole ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā lāʻau i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hopena kemika. No ka laʻana, pono e koho ʻia nā ipu aniani i hana ʻia i ke aniani borosilicate no nā lāʻau lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke koko a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka wai wai ikaika a me ka wai alkaline hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai wai alkaline, pono e hana ʻia me ke aniani borosilicate. . ʻAʻole kūpono nā ampules aniani haʻahaʻa-borosilicate i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma Kina no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai. Pono e hoʻololi mālie ia mau mea aniani i nā mea aniani 5.0 i mea e kū ai me nā kūlana honua i ka hikiwawe e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o nā lāʻau i loko o lākou. Off-chip, ʻaʻole turbid, a ʻaʻole deteriorate.

No ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pauka maʻamau, hoʻomākaukau waha a me nā infusions nui, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ke aniani soda-lime neutralized hiki ke hoʻokō i kāna mau koi paʻa kemika. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka wai ma mua o nā mea paʻa a ʻoi aku ka alkalinity ma mua o ka acidity, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka wai alkaline ikaika i nā koi hana kemika no nā hue aniani lāʻau.
Kūleʻa i ka wela wela
Kūleʻa maikaʻi i ka hoʻololi wikiwiki o ka mahana
I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, pono ka hoʻomaloʻo kiʻekiʻe, sterilization a i ʻole ka hoʻomaloʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke kaʻina hana, e koi ana i ka ipu aniani i kahi kūpono maikaʻi a kūpono hoʻi e pale aku i nā loli koke o ka mahana me ka ʻole o ka pohā. . ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ke aniani i ka hoʻololi wela wikiwiki e pili nui i ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kona kūpaʻa ʻana i nā loli wela. No ka laʻana, pono e hoʻohana maʻamau i ka 3.3 aniani borosilicate a i ʻole 5.0 aniani borosilicate ka nui o nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe. Ke hoʻololi koke ʻia ka nui o nā aniani borosilicate haʻahaʻa i hana ʻia ma Kina i nā loli wikiwiki i nā ʻokoʻa wela, pinepine lākou e pahū a hāʻule i nā hue. ʻO ke aniani borosilicate 3.3 o Kina he hoʻomohala nui, kūpono kēia aniani no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lyophilized, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona kūʻē ʻana i nā loli koke i ka mahana ma mua o 5.0 borosilicate aniani.
Ka ikaika mīkini
ʻO ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi a kūpono
Pono nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā ʻano dosage like ʻole e kū i kahi pae o ka pale mechanical i ka wā hana a me ka lawe ʻana. ʻAʻole pili wale ka ikaika mechanical o nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau i ke ʻano o ka hue, ka nui geometric, ka hoʻoili wela, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo ka ikaika mechanical o ka mea aniani. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika mechanical o ke aniani borosilicate ma mua o ke aniani soda-lime.
ʻO ka hoʻopuka ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana hou no nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau e pono ai e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana standardization kūpono a me ka ʻepekema, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā kūlana honua a me nā mākeke honua, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻopihapiha lāʻau lapaʻau, e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me ke kālepa honua. E pāʻani i kahi kūlana maikaʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e like me ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau holoʻokoʻa no nā mea hoʻopihapiha lāʻau lapaʻau, aia nō ka nui o nā pilikia e pono e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau mua no nā hue aniani lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ulu wikiwiki o ka ʻoihana lāʻau. a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mākeke honua. Koi. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ka ʻike a me nā hōʻailona o nā maʻamau, a me ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā kūlana honua a me ka laina me ka mākeke honua āpau e pono ai nā hoʻoponopono kūpono a me nā hoʻohui i ka wā o ka loiloi.
Nā kūlana hoʻāʻo o ka ʻōmole aniani a me ka pahu:
Ke ala ho'āʻo no ke koʻikoʻi o nā ipu aniani: ASTM C 148-2000 (2006).