ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke aniani Kina

He ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo o ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ka home a ma waho i ke kumu o ke aniani ma Kina. ʻO kekahi ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana iā ia iho, a ʻo kekahi ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka haole. E like me ka 'okoʻa ma waena o ka haku mele 'ana a me ka hana 'enehana o ke aniani mai ka Western Zhou moʻokūʻauhau unearthed ma Kina a me ka poe ma ke komohana, a me ka lawe ana i ka noonoo ana i ka maikai kūlana no ka hehee ana o ka mua porcelain a me ke keleawe ware i ia manawa, ka theory o ka mea nona iho. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke aniani ma Kina mai ka porcelain glaze mua, me ka lehu mea kanu e like me ka flux, a ʻo ke aniani ʻano he alkali calcium silicate system, ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea o ka potassium oxide ma mua o ka sodium oxide. Babulona kahiko a me ʻAigupita. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke kēpau oxide mai ka hana keleawe a me ka alchemy i loko o ke aniani e hana i kahi haku mele kūikawā o ka barium silicate. Hōʻike kēia mau mea a pau paha ua hana ʻo Kina i ke aniani wale nō. ʻO kekahi manaʻo ʻo ke aniani Kina kahiko i hāʻawi ʻia mai ke Komohana. Pono ka hoʻokolokolo hou a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hōʻike.

Mai ka makahiki 1660 BC a hiki i ka makahiki 1046 BC, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe keleawe a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe keleawe i ka wā kahiko o Shang Dynasty. He 1000C ka mahana puhi o ka porcelain primitive a me ke keleawe hooheheeia. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano kiln no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke one aniani a me ke one aniani. Ma ka waena o ka Western Zhou Dynasty, ua hana ʻia nā peʻa one a me nā paipu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka jade.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā peʻa one aniani i hana ʻia i ka wā puna a me ka wā Autumn ma mua o ka Western Zhou Dynasty, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka pae ʻenehana. No ke one aniani kekahi mau peʻa one aniani. Ma ka wā Warring States, hiki ke hana ʻia nā huahana mua o ke aniani. ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana aniani polū i ʻeli ʻia ma ka pahu pahi kaua a Fu Chai, ke aliʻi o Wu (495-473 BC), a ʻelua ʻāpana aniani uliuli māmā i ʻeli ʻia ma ka pahu pahi kaua a Gou Jian, ke aliʻi o Yue (496-464 BC), ke aliʻi o Chu, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Hubei, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea hōʻike. ʻO nā ʻāpana aniani ʻelua ma ka pahu pahi kaua a Gou Jian i hana ʻia e ka poʻe Chu ma waena o ka wā Kauaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka ninini ʻana; ʻO ke aniani ma ka pahu pahi kaua Fucha he kiʻekiʻe ke aniani a ua haku ʻia me ka silicate calcium. ʻO nā iona keleawe he uliuli. Ua hana ʻia nō hoʻi ia i ka wā kaua.

I ka makahiki 1970, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻeke aniani i hoʻokomo ʻia me ke aniani lime soda (Dragonfly eye) ma ka hale kupapaʻu o ka lede Fucha, ke aliʻi o Wu ma ka ʻāina ʻo Henan. ʻO ke ʻano, ke ʻano a me ka hoʻonani ʻana o ke aniani e like me nā huahana aniani o Western Asian. Manaʻo ka poʻe naʻauao o ka ʻāina ua hoʻokomo ʻia mai ke Komohana mai. No ka mea ʻo Wu a me Yue nā wahi kahakai i kēlā manawa, hiki ke lawe ʻia ke aniani i Kina ma ke kai. Wahi a ke aniani hoʻohālike jade Bi unearthed mai kekahi mau halekupapaʻu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi i ka wā kaua a me ka pingminji, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o ke aniani i hoʻohana ʻia e pani i ka jade ware i kēlā manawa, i hāpai i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana aniani ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Chu. Aia ma kahi o ʻelua mau ʻano one aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai nā hale kupapaʻu ʻo Chu ma Changsha a me Jiangling, ua like ia me ke one aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai nā lua kupapaʻu o Zhou Komohana. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻōnaehana siok2o, SiO2 - Cao) - ʻōnaehana Na2O, SiO2 - PbO Bao ʻōnaehana a me SiO2 - PbO - Bao - Na2O ʻōnaehana. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana hana aniani a Chu ma ke kumu o ka Western Zhou Dynasty. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻohana ia i nā ʻōnaehana haku mele like ʻole, e like me ke alakaʻi barium aniani ʻōnaehana haku mele, manaʻo kekahi poʻe loea he ʻōnaehana haku mele kēia ma Kina. ʻO ka lua, ma ke ʻano hana aniani, ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano sintering kumu, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka lepo lepo i hoʻolei ʻia e ke keleawe, i mea e hana ai i ka paia aniani, ke poʻo o ka pahi kaua aniani, ke kaulana o ka pahi kaua, ka pā aniani, nā apo pepeiao. a pela aku.

I ka makahiki Bronze o ko mākou ʻāina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe dewaxing e hana i nā keleawe. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻano hana e hana i nā huahana aniani me nā ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO ka holoholona aniani i ʻike ʻia mai ka hale kupapaʻu o King Chu ma beidongshan, Xuzhou, e hōʻike ana i kēia hiki.

Mai ka haku ʻana i ke aniani, ka ʻenehana hana a me ka maikaʻi o nā huahana jade hoʻohālikelike, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike he hana koʻikoʻi ʻo Chu i ka mōʻaukala o ka hana aniani kahiko.

ʻO ka manawa mai ke kenekulia 3 BC a hiki i ke kenekulia 6 BC ʻo ia ka Western Han Dynasty, ka Hikina Han Dynasty, ka Wei Jin a me ka ʻaoʻao hema a me Northern Dynasties. ʻO nā kīʻaha aniani translucent ʻōmaʻomaʻo emerald a me nā kīʻaha pepeiao aniani i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Hebei i ka wā kahiko o ka Western Han Dynasty (ma kahi o 113 BC) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kālai ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā aniani, nā holoholona aniani a me nā ʻāpana aniani mai ka hale kupapaʻu o ke aliʻi o Chu i ka Western Han Dynasty (128 BC) ma Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke aniani a hana ʻia me ke aniani barium kēpau. Ua waihoʻoluʻu me ka keleawe oxide. He opaque ke aniani ma muli o ka crystallization.

Ua ʻike nā kānaka kālaihonua i nā ihe aniani a me nā lole jade aniani mai nā hale kupapaʻu o ka waena a me ka hope o Western Han Dynasty. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ihe aniani aniani ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma mua o ke aniani barium alakaʻi, ʻo ia ka mea like me ka soda lime aniani, no laila pono ia i ka soda lime aniani haku ʻōnaehana. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua hoʻokomo ʻia mai ke komohana mai, akā ua like kona ʻano me ka ihe keleawe i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Kina. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe akamai i ka mōʻaukala aniani e hana ʻia ma Kina. Hana ʻia nā papa aniani Yuyi me ke aniani barium alakaʻi, translucent, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

Ua hana pū ka Western Han Dynasty he 1.9kg uliuli ʻeleʻele translucent grain pā aniani a me 9.5cm ka nui × ʻelua ʻelua he aniani barium silicate alakaʻi. Hōʻike kēia mau mea i ka ulu ʻana o ka hana aniani i ka Han Dynasty mai nā mea hoʻonani a hiki i nā huahana kūpono e like me ke aniani pālahalaha, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā hale no ka mālamalama o ke ao.

Ua hōʻike ka poʻe loea Iapana i nā huahana aniani mua i ʻeli ʻia ma Kyushu, Iapana. ʻO ke ʻano o nā huahana aniani ke ʻano like me nā huahana aniani barium alakaʻi o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Chu i ka wā kaua a me ka Western Western Han Dynasty; Eia kekahi, ʻo nā lakio isotope alakaʻi o nā pahu aniani tubular i ʻeli ʻia ma Iapana, ua like ia me nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma Kina i ka wā Han a ma mua o ka Han Dynasty. ʻO ke aniani alakaʻi barium kahi ʻōnaehana haku mele ma Kina kahiko, hiki ke hōʻoia i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kēia mau aniani mai Kina. Ua kuhikuhi pū nā kānaka kālaihonua Pākē a me Iapana ua hana ʻo Iapana i nā aniani gouyu a me nā mea hoʻonani aniani me nā hiʻohiʻona Iapana ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poloka aniani a me nā paipu aniani i lawe ʻia mai Kina, e hōʻike ana aia kahi kālepa aniani ma waena o Kina a me Iapana i ka mōʻī Han. Ua lawe aku ʻo Kina i nā huahana aniani i Iapana a me nā paipu aniani, nā poloka aniani a me nā huahana semi-hoʻopau.