Qhov Tsis Zoo Ntawm Cov iav

Cov ntsiab lus

Los ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv raw, batch npaj, melting, clarification, homogenization, txias, tsim thiab txiav txheej txheem, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem los yog kev ua yuam kev ntawm cov txheej txheem kev khiav hauj lwm yuav qhia ntau yam tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv thawj phaj ntawm ca iav.

Qhov tsis xws ntawm cov iav tiaj tus zoo heev txo qhov zoo ntawm iav, thiab tseem cuam tshuam rau kev tsim thiab ua cov iav ntxiv, lossis ua rau cov khoom pov tseg ntau. Muaj ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv cov iav tiaj tus thiab lawv ua rau. Raws li qhov tsis xws luag uas muaj nyob rau sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm lub khob, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov tsis xws luag thiab cov tsos mob. Lub sab hauv ntawm iav feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv lub iav lub cev. Raws li lawv cov xeev sib txawv, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: npuas (gas inclusions), pob zeb (cov khoom sib xyaw), kab txaij thiab nodules (iav inclusions). Cov tsos mob tshwm sim feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim, annealing thiab txiav, nrog rau kev kho qhov muag deformation (tin chaw), khawb (abrasion), kawg lub ntsej muag tsis xws luag (ntug tawg, concave convex, ploj lub kaum sab xis), thiab lwm yam.

Ntau hom kev tsis xws luag, txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj tseem txawv, thaum muaj qee yam tsis xws luag hauv iav, feem ntau yuav tsum dhau.

Tsuas yog los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob peb txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem ua qhov kev txiav txim kom raug. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav cov laj thawj, kev ntsuas raws sijhawm yuav tsum tau ua

Cov txheej txheem siv tau zoo los tiv thaiv qhov tsis xws luag txuas ntxiv mus.

Npuas

Npuas nyob rau hauv iav yog pom cov roj inclusions, uas tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov tsos zoo ntawm iav khoom, tab sis kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lub transparency thiab mechanical zog ntawm iav. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib hom vitreous defect uas yog ib qho yooj yim rau nyiam cov neeg mloog.

Qhov loj ntawm cov npuas yog li ntawm ob peb feem kaum ntawm ib millimeter mus rau ob peb millimeters. Raws li qhov loj me. Npuas tuaj yeem muab faib ua npuas npuas grey (inch SM) thiab roj (inch> 0.8m), thiab lawv cov duab muaj ntau yam, suav nrog kheej kheej, graphical thiab linear. Lub deformation ntawm npuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom tsim txheej txheem. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm npuas yog txawv, thiab lawv feem ntau muaj 2, N2, Co, CO2, SO2, hydrogen oxide thiab dej gas.

Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov npuas, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov npuas thawj (batch residual npuas), cov npuas thib ob, cov npuas sab nraud, cov npuas refractory thiab npuas los ntawm cov hlau hlau thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, muaj ntau ntau yam ua npuas ncauj nyob rau hauv cov khoom iav, thiab qhov teeb meem yog heev complex. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv cov theem sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem melting, thawj kauj ruam yog txiav txim thaum twg thiab qhov twg cov npuas tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd los kawm cov khoom siv raw, melting thiab forming tej yam kev mob, thiaj li txiav txim seb qhov ua rau ntawm lawv tsim, thiab coj. cov kev ntsuas los daws lawv.

Kev tsom xam thiab pob zeb (khoom suav nrog)

Pob zeb yog crystalline khoom suav nrog hauv lub khob iav. Nws yog qhov teeb meem txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv lub cev iav, uas cuam tshuam rau lub iav zoo heev. Nws tsis tsuas yog ua rau cov tsos thiab kho qhov muag homogeneity ntawm cov khoom iav, tab sis kuj txo cov nqi siv ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas ua rau tawg thiab puas ntawm cov iav. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nthuav coefficient ntawm lub pob zeb thiab cov iav nyob ib ncig ntawm nws yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog li ntawd yog qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv zos, uas txo cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog thiab thermal stability ntawm cov khoom, thiab txawm ua rau cov khoom tawg nws tus kheej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub coefficient ntawm thermal expansion ntawm lub pob zeb yog tsawg tshaj li ntawm cov iav ib puag ncig, lub tensile kev nyuaj siab yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub interface ntawm iav, thiab radial tawg feem ntau tshwm sim. Hauv cov khoom iav, pob zeb feem ntau tsis pub muaj nyob, yog li peb yuav tsum sim peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tshem tawm lawv. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm lub pob zeb tsis yog me me, qee qhov yog rab koob zoo li cov pob zeb zoo, thiab qee qhov tuaj yeem loj li qe los yog tej daim. Qee qhov ntawm lawv tuaj yeem tshawb pom los ntawm qhov muag liab qab lossis iav tsom iav, thiab qee qhov tuaj yeem pom meej los ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav lossis txawm tias electron microscope. Vim hais tias cov pob zeb yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov kua iav, lawv feem ntau nrog nodules, kab los yog ripples.

Striation thiab nodal mob (iav suav nrog)

Cov iav heterogeneous inclusions nyob rau hauv lub iav lub cev yog hu ua glassy inclusions (kab txaij thiab pob caus). Lawv yog cov tsis xws luag hauv iav inhomogeneity. Lawv txawv ntawm cov iav lub cev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev muaj zog (refractive index, ntom, viscosity, nto nro, thermal expansion, mechanical zog thiab tej zaum xim).

Vim hais tias lub striation thiab nodule protrude nyob rau hauv sib txawv degrees ntawm lub vitreous lub cev, lub interface ntawm lub striation thiab nodule thiab cov iav yog irregular, uas qhia kev sib nrig sib nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los yog physicochemical dissolution. Nws yog muab faib rau hauv lub khob los yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub khob. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog striated, ib txhia yog linear los yog fibrous, qee zaum protruding zoo li ib daim ntawm kelp. Qee cov kab txaij zoo tsis pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab thiab tsuas tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tso cai rau hauv cov iav kho qhov muag. Rau cov khoom iav dav dav, qee qhov kev tsis sib xws tuaj yeem raug tso cai yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo. Nodule yog ib hom iav heterogeneous nrog cov duab poob thiab cov duab qub. Nyob rau hauv cov khoom, nws tshwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm granule, thaiv los yog daim. Kab txaij thiab arthralgia tuaj yeem tsis muaj xim, ntsuab lossis xim av vim lawv qhov sib txawv.