Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav

Raws li keeb kwm kev loj hlob theem, iav tuaj yeem muab faib ua iav qub, iav tsoos, iav tshiab thiab iav lig.

(1) Hauv keeb kwm, iav qub feem ntau yog hais txog lub sijhawm ua qhev. Hauv Suav keeb kwm, iav qub kuj suav nrog feudal haiv neeg. Yog li ntawd, cov iav qub feem ntau yog hais txog iav ua nyob rau hauv Qing Dynasty. Txawm hais tias nws tau coj los ua niaj hnub no, nws tsuas yog hu ua antique iav, uas yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov iav qub.

(2) Cov iav tsoos yog ib hom iav cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom lag luam, xws li iav tiaj tus, lub raj mis iav, iav iav, iav kos duab thiab cov iav zoo nkauj, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem yaj supercooling nrog cov ntxhia hauv ntuj thiab pob zeb ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

(3) Cov iav tshiab, tseem hu ua cov iav ua haujlwm tshiab thiab cov iav tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm, yog ib hom iav uas pom tseeb txawv ntawm cov iav ib txwm muaj, kev npaj cov khoom siv raw, kev ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm thiab daim ntawv thov, thiab muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb xws li lub teeb, hluav taws xob, hlau nplaum, tshav kub, chemistry thiab biochemistry. Nws yog cov khoom siv high-tech intensive nrog ntau ntau yam, me me thiab kev hloov kho sai, xws li kho qhov muag iav, peb-dimensional waveguide iav, spectral qhov kub kub iav thiab hais txog.

(4) Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muab lub ntsiab txhais ntawm iav yav tom ntej. Nws yuav tsum yog cov iav uas tej zaum yuav raug tsim nyob rau yav tom ntej raws li kev taw qhia ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb lossis kev kwv yees theoretical.

Tsis hais iav qub, iav tsoos, iav tshiab lossis iav yav tom ntej, txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej thiab tus kheej. Lawv yog tag nrho cov amorphous solids nrog iav hloov kub yam ntxwv. Txawm li cas los xij, tus cwj pwm hloov nrog lub sijhawm, uas yog, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab txuas ntxiv nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv: piv txwv li, iav tshiab hauv xyoo pua 20th yuav dhau los ua iav tsoos hauv xyoo pua 21st; Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias iav ceramics yog hom iav tshiab hauv xyoo 1950 thiab 1960s, tab sis tam sim no nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom lag luam loj thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev; Tam sim no, photonic iav yog cov khoom siv tshiab rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim ntau lawm. Hauv ob peb xyoos, nws yuav yog cov iav siv dav siv. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho iav, nws muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsuas yog kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam tuaj yeem txhim kho iav. Tom qab kev tsim ntawm Tuam Tshoj tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li kev hloov kho thiab qhib, Tuam Tshoj lub peev xwm ntau lawm thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov iav tiaj tus, iav niaj hnub, iav fiber ntau thiab optical fiber ntau tau nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav kuj zoo sib xws rau cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg, uas yuav txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav. Cov iav yeej ib txwm siv los ua cov thawv ntim khoom, thiab cov thawv ntim iav suav rau ib feem ntawm cov iav tso tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv Suav teb qub, kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic tau tsim, qhov zoo dua, thiab kev siv tau yooj yim. Nws tsis tshua tsim nyog los tsim cov iav ntim tsis paub, yog li cov iav tseem nyob hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kos duab, yog li cuam tshuam rau tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav; Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau sab hnub poob, tib neeg tau mob siab rau cov iav pob tshab, cov khoom siv cawv thiab lwm cov ntim khoom, uas txhawb kev txhim kho cov ntim iav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau lub sijhawm siv iav los ua cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag thiab cov cuab yeej tshuaj nyob rau sab hnub poob los txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sim kev tshawb fawb, Tuam Tshoj cov iav tsim yog nyob rau theem ntawm "jade zoo li" thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nkag mus rau hauv lub palace. kev kawm.

Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, qhov kev thov rau ntau thiab ntau yam iav txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv, thiab qhov zoo, kev ntseeg siab thiab tus nqi ntawm iav kuj tseem muaj nqis ntxiv. Qhov kev thov rau lub zog, cov khoom siv roj ntsha thiab ib puag ncig rau iav tau dhau los ua nrawm dua. Cov iav yuav tsum muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm, cia siab tsawg dua ntawm cov peev txheej thiab lub zog, thiab txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig thiab kev puas tsuaj.

Raws li cov ntsiab lus saum toj no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav yuav tsum ua raws li txoj cai ntawm kev tsim kho kev tshawb fawb lub tswv yim, thiab kev loj hlob ntsuab thiab kev lag luam qis carbon yog ib txwm yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav. Txawm hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm kev loj hlob ntsuab yog txawv nyob rau hauv cov keeb kwm sib txawv, qhov kev sib txawv yog tib yam. Ua ntej kev lag luam kiv puag ncig, ntoo tau siv los ua roj hauv iav ntau lawm. Hav zoov raug txiav thiab ib puag ncig raug puas tsuaj; Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, Britain txwv tsis pub siv ntoo, yog li cov thee hluav taws kub hnyiab tau siv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, regenerator tank kiln tau qhia; Hluav taws xob melting rauv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th; Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, muaj ib tug qauv ntawm non-ib txwm yaj, uas yog, es tsis txhob siv cov tsoos furnaces thiab crucibles, modular melting, submerged combustion melting, lub tshuab nqus tsev clarification thiab high-zog plasma melting yog siv. Ntawm lawv, modular melting, nqus kom pom tseeb thiab plasma melting tau raug sim hauv kev tsim khoom.

Modular melting yog ua los ntawm preheating batch txheej txheem nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm kiln nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, uas yuav txuag tau 6.5% roj. Hauv xyoo 2004, Owens Illinois lub tuam txhab tau ua qhov kev sim ntau lawm. Lub zog noj ntawm ib txwm yaj txoj kev yog 7.5mj / kga, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm module melting txoj kev yog 5mu / KGA, txuag 33.3%.

Raws li kev paub meej ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev, nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 20 t / D qhov nruab nrab lub tank kiln, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev siv lub zog ntawm melting thiab qhia meej txog li 30%. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum, tom ntej no tiam melting system (NGMS) tau tsim.

Xyoo 1994, lub tebchaws United Kingdom pib siv cov ntshav rau iav melting test. Hauv xyoo 2003, Tebchaws Asmeskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm lub zog thiab iav kev lag luam koom ua ke tau ua tiav kev siv cov ntshav plasma melting E iav, iav fiber ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob me me rauv, txuag ntau dua 40% lub zog. Nyiv lub zog tshiab kev lag luam thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis lub koom haum kuj tau teeb tsa Asahi nitko thiab Tokyo University of thev naus laus zis los koom ua ke tsim 1 T / D sim kiln. Cov iav batch yog yaj hauv davhlau los ntawm xov tooj cua zaus induction plasma cua sov. Lub sij hawm melting tsuas yog 2 ~ 3 h, thiab kev siv lub zog ntawm cov iav tiav yog 5.75 MJ / kg.

Nyob rau hauv 2008, Xunzi tau ua 100t soda txiv qaub iav expansion test, lub melting lub sij hawm luv luv mus rau 1/10 ntawm tus thawj, lub zog noj yog txo los ntawm 50%, Co, tsis, pa phem emissions raug txo los ntawm 50%. Nyiv lub zog tshiab kev lag luam (NEDO) thev naus laus zis thoob ntiaj teb kev tsim kho lub koom haum npaj yuav siv 1t soda txiv qaub iav kuaj kiln rau batching, nyob rau hauv-flight melting ua ke nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev clarification txheej txheem, thiab npaj yuav txo cov melting zog noj rau 3767kj / kg iav hauv 2012.