Standardization system
1 Cov qauv thiab cov qauv tsim rau cov iav fwj
rticle 52 ntawm Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Tshuaj ntawm Cov Neeg Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab tau teev tseg: "Cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom thiab cov thawv ntim hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li cov kev cai rau kev siv tshuaj thiab cov qauv kev nyab xeeb." Tshooj 44 ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Txoj Cai Tswj Xyuas Tshuaj Yeeb ntawm Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab tau hais tias: Kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm, cov khoom lag luam catalogs, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab cov qauv rau cov khoom ntim tshuaj thiab cov thawv ntim khoom raug tsim thiab luam tawm los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas Tshuaj ntawm Lub Xeev Council. . "Raws li cov cai ntawm cov kev cai lij choj thiab cov cai uas tau hais los saum no, Lub Xeev Kev Tswj Tshuaj Yeeb Tshuaj tau teeb tsa hauv cov khoom siv txij li xyoo 2002. Formulated thiab tshaj tawm 113 tus qauv rau cov ntim tshuaj (cov khoom siv) (xws li xyoo 2004 tau npaj tso tawm qauv), suav nrog 43 tus qauv rau cov tshuaj iav raj mis. cov thawv ntim khoom (cov khoom siv), thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv suav nrog 38% ntawm tag nrho cov qauv ntim tshuaj hauv zos. Tus txheej txheem npog npog cov tshuaj iav lub raj mis ntim ntim rau ntau hom kev txhaj tshuaj xws li tshuaj txhaj tshuaj, tshuaj txhaj dej, infusions, ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj, kua hauv qhov ncauj thiab lyophilized, tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov khoom siv ntshav thiab lwm hom tshuaj. Ib qho kev ua tiav thiab cov qauv kev kho mob iav lub raj mis standardization system tau pib tsim. Kev tsim thiab kev tso tawm ntawm cov qauv no, kev hloov cov tshuaj iav fwj thiab ntim khoom, kev txhim kho cov khoom zoo, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tshuaj zoo, kev nrawm ntawm kev koom ua ke nrog cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, kev txhawb nqa thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv. , kev txiav txim, thiab kev loj hlob sai ntawm Tuam Tshoj kws tshuaj iav kev lag luam, Muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lub luag haujlwm.
Cov tshuaj kho mob iav fwj yog cov khoom ntim uas muaj kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov kws tshuaj. Lawv tuav ib qho kev faib ua feem ntau hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom ntim tshuaj, thiab muaj irreplaceable zog thiab zoo. Lawv cov qauv muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo ntawm kev ntim tshuaj thiab kev tsim kho kev lag luam.
Kev kho mob
2 Standardized system rau cov tshuaj iav fwj
Raws li Tsoom Fwv Tswj Xyuas Tshuaj Hauv Lub Xeev cov qauv rau kev tsim cov khoom ntim tshuaj muab faib los ntawm cov khoom siv, ib qho khoom siv (ntau yam) thiab ib tus qauv, muaj 43 tus qauv rau cov tshuaj iav fwj uas tau muab thiab yuav tsum tau tso tawm. Nws muab faib ua peb pawg raws li hom qauv. Muaj 23 cov qauv khoom hauv thawj qeb, ntawm 18 tau tshaj tawm, thiab 5 tau npaj yuav tso tawm xyoo 2004; 17 cov qauv ntawm cov qauv kev xeem thib ob, ntawm 10 tau tso tawm, thiab 7 tau npaj yuav tso tawm xyoo 2004. Muaj 3 cov qauv qauv ntawm qeb thib peb, 1 ntawm uas tau tshaj tawm, 2 yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm xyoo 2004. Muaj 23 hom khoom qauv hauv thawj qeb, uas tau muab faib ua 8 hom raws li cov khoom lag luam, suav nrog "Moulded Injection Bottles" 3 "Controlled Injection Bottles" 3 "Glass Infusion Fwj" 3 "Pwm Pharmaceutical Fwj" 3 "Tube Pharmaceutical 3 yam khoom ntawm "Lub raj mis", 3 yam khoom ntawm "Controlled Oral Liquid Bottles", 3 yam khoom ntawm "Ampoules" thiab 3 yam khoom ntawm "Glass Medicinal Tubes" (Ceeb Toom: Cov khoom no yog cov khoom lag luam semi-tiav rau kev ua ntau yam kev tswj fwj thiab ampoules).
Muaj peb hom khoom sib txuas, suav nrog 8 yam khoom ntawm borosilicate iav. Borosilicate iav muaj xws li α = (4 ～ 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ～ 300 ℃) nruab nrab iav thiab α = (3. 2 ~ 3. 4) × 10 (-6) K (- 1) (20 ~ 300 ° C) 3.3 Borosilicate iav. Hom iav no yog ua los ntawm cov iav nruab nrab thoob ntiaj teb, uas yog feem ntau hu ua Class I iav lossis Class A cov khoom. Muaj 8 yam khoom ntawm cov iav borosilicate tsawg, thiab cov iav borosilicate tsawg yog α = (6.2 txog 7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 txog 300 ℃). Cov khoom siv iav no yog Tuam Tshoj tus cim quasi-neutral iav uas tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Nws kuj yog feem ntau hu ua cov khoom siv Class B. Soda-lime iav 7 yam khoom, dej qab zib-kua txiv iav yog α = (7.6 txog 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 mus rau 300 ℃), hom iav khoom no feem ntau vulcanized, thiab cov nto yog dej resistant Performance mus txog qib 2.
Muaj 17 tus qauv rau hom kev soj ntsuam thib ob. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntsuam xyuas no pib npog ntau yam kev tshuaj xyuas xws li kev ua tau zoo thiab ntsuas ntawm ntau hom tshuaj iav fwj. Hauv particular, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov iav tshuaj muaj zog tau ntxiv cov dej tsis kam ua haujlwm tshiab raws li ISO cov qauv Kev tshawb pom ntawm alkali thiab acid tsis kam muab ntau dua, ntau dua thiab kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav rau kev txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj ntseg txhawm rau hloov kho ntau yam khoom ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj rau cov tshuaj ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thiab ntau npaum li cas. Ua kom ntseeg tau qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj thiab yog li qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev rau cov leaching tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj tau ntxiv los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj. Cov qauv kev xeem rau cov iav fwj tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab ntxiv ntxiv. Piv txwv li, txoj kev sim rau alkali-resistant stripping tsis kam ntawm ampoules, txoj kev sim rau kev tawg quab yuam, thiab txoj kev sim rau kev tiv thaiv kom khov poob siab tag nrho muaj ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj.
Muaj 3 cov qauv hauv paus hauv qeb thib peb. Ntawm lawv, "Kev faib tawm thiab Kev Ntsuas Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Cov Khob Lub Raj Mis" yog hais txog ISO 12775-1997 "Kev faib tawm thiab Kev Ntsuas Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm iav hauv Kev Tsim Kho Loj Loj". Lub raj mis muaj pes tsawg leeg kev faib tawm thiab cov qauv ntsuas cov qauv muaj lub ntsiab lus meej kom paub qhov txawv iav cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm yam kev lag luam. Lwm ob txoj kev cai txwv tsis pub muaj teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv iav, txhuas, cadmium, arsenic, thiab antimony, kom ntseeg tau tias kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm ntau hom tshuaj.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov fwj tshuaj
3 Yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj iav raj mis txheem
Cov tshuaj iav lub raj mis tus qauv yog ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem rau cov khoom ntim tshuaj. Txij li thaum cov tshuaj iav fwj yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj, thiab ib co ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj thiab muaj feem xyuam rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb. Yog li ntawd, tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb thiab nruj, uas tau sau tseg raws li hauv qab no:
Ntau qhov systematic thiab kev nthuav dav, uas txhim kho kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv khoom thiab kov yeej cov qauv lag luam rau cov khoom lag luam
Cov khoom qub uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus qauv tshiab yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov qauv sib txawv raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, uas nthuav dav heev ntawm cov qauv, txhim kho kev siv thiab xaiv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tshiab thiab cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv iav sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm sib txawv. cov khoom, thiab kev hloov Cov Qauv hauv cov qauv khoom lag luam dav dav tom qab kev tsim khoom.
Piv txwv li, ntawm 8 hom tshuaj iav lub raj mis cov khoom siv los ntawm tus qauv tshiab, txhua tus qauv khoom tau muab faib ua 3 pawg raws li cov khoom siv thiab kev ua haujlwm, thawj qeb yog borosilicate iav, qeb thib ob yog iav borosilicate tsawg, thiab thib peb. Chav kawm yog dej qab zib lime iav. Txawm hais tias qee yam khoom ntawm qee yam khoom siv tseem tsis tau tsim tawm, cov qauv rau cov khoom lag luam no tau qhia, uas daws qhov teeb meem ntawm lag luam hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam. Ntau hom tshuaj uas muaj qib sib txawv, cov khoom sib txawv, kev siv sib txawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cas muaj qhov yooj yim dua thiab kev xaiv ntau dua rau cov khoom sib txawv thiab cov qauv.
Qhia meej lub ntsiab lus ntawm borosilicate iav thiab iav borosilicate tsawg. Cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb ISO 4802. 1-1988 "Dej Resistance of Glassware and Glass Containers 'Inner Surfaces. Ntu 1: Kev txiav txim siab thiab kev faib tawm los ntawm Titration. " Iav) txhais tau tias yog iav muaj 5 mus rau 13% (m / m) ntawm boron trioxide (B-2O-3), tab sis ISO 12775 "Kev faib cov iav muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv kev sim rau kev tsim khoom ib txwm muaj" tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1997 Lub ntsiab lus ntawm borosilicate iav (xws li iav nruab nrab) muaj boron trioxide (B-2O-3) ntau dua 8% (m / m). Raws li 1997 tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau cov qauv kev faib iav iav, cov khoom siv iav ntawm li 2% (m / m) ntawm B-2O-3, uas tau siv dav hauv Suav tshuaj iav raj mis kev lag luam rau ntau xyoo, yuav tsum tsis txhob hu ua borosilicate iav los yog nruab nrab iav. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua pov thawj tias qee qhov ntawm cov iav particle dej tsis kam thiab cov dej hauv qhov dej tsis sib haum ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag Qib 1 thiab HC1, lossis lawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov npoo ntawm Qib 1 thiab Qib 2. Kev xyaum kuj tau ua pov thawj tias qee yam ntawm cov hom no. iav yuav muaj qhov nruab nrab tsis ua hauj lwm los yog tev hauv kev siv, tab sis hom iav no tau siv nyob rau hauv Suav teb tau ntau xyoo. Tus qauv tshiab khaws cov iav hom no thiab qhia txog nws cov B-2O- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm 3 yuav tsum ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm 5-8% (m / m). Nws tau hais meej meej tias hom iav no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua borosilicate iav (lossis iav nruab nrab), thiab nws yog lub npe hu ua iav borosilicate.
Ua raws li cov qauv ISO. Cov qauv tshiab yog ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Cov qauv tshiab tag nrho xa mus rau ISO cov qauv thiab cov qauv kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj pharmacopoeia ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Nyiv thiab lwm lub tebchaws siab, thiab muab cov xwm txheej tiag tiag ntawm Tuam Tshoj kws tshuaj iav lub raj mis kev lag luam los ntawm ob yam ntawm cov iav hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv iav. Tau txais cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov khoom siv iav: Muaj 4 hom iav hauv cov qauv tshiab, suav nrog 2 hom borosilicate iav, suav nrog 3.3 borosilicate iav [α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1)] Thiab 5.0 0 neutral iav [α = (4 txog 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1)], low borosilicate iav [α = (6.2 txog 7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] 1 hom, soda-lime iav [α = (7.6 ~ 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1)] 1 hom, yog li muaj 4 hom iav los ntawm cov khoom siv.
Vim hais tias dej qab zib txiv qaub iav suav nrog ntau qhov kev kho deg neutralized hauv cov khoom siv tiag tiag thiab daim ntawv thov, nws tau muab faib ua 5 hom raws li cov khoom. Cov saum toj no 4 hom iav thiab 5 hom iav khoom suav nrog cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb, US Pharmacopoeia thiab Tuam Tshoj tshwj xeeb kho mob iav fwj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm 8 cov khoom siv los ntawm tus qauv, tsuas yog ampoules tau tsim 2 tus qauv, "borosilicate iav ampoules" thiab "tsawg borosilicate iav ampoules," thiab tsuas yog ib hom α = (4 txog 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ntawm 5.0 borosilicate iav tsis muaj α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ntawm 3. 3 borosilicate iav Nws yog vim tsis muaj cov khoom zoo li no hauv ntiaj teb. , thiab softening point ntawm 3.3 borosilicate iav yog siab, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau kaw lub ampoule. Qhov tseeb, tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb tsuas yog muaj 5.0 borosilicate iav ampoule, thiab tsis muaj 3.3 borosilicate iav ampoule thiab dej qab zib-txiv qaub iav ampoule. Hais txog Tuam Tshoj qhov tshwj xeeb qis borosilicate iav ampoules, 5.0 borosilicate iav ampoules tseem tsis tau tsim ib lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom loj hauv Suav teb vim muaj ntau yam, thiab tsuas yog siv tau los ua cov khoom hloov pauv. Thaum kawg, qis borosilicate iav tseem txwv. Ampoule, tsim 5.0 borosilicate iav ampoule kom ua tiav kev koom ua ke nrog thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv thiab cov khoom sai li sai tau.
Cov khoom siv iav: Lub thermal expansion coefficient α tau teev nyob rau hauv tus qauv tshiab, 3.3 borosilicate iav thiab 5.0 borosilicate iav yog tag nrho raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Tsawg borosilicate iav yog tshwj xeeb rau Tuam Tshoj, thiab tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no hauv cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Soda-lime iav ISO stipulates α = (8 ~ 10) × 10 (-6) K (-1), thiab tus qauv tshiab stipulates α = (7.6–9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) , Cov ntsuas yog me ntsis nruj dua li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv cov qauv tshiab, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm 3.3 borosilicate iav, 5.0 borosilicate iav thiab dej qab zib-lime iav ntawm 121 ° C yog ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev cai rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm boron oxide (B-2O-3) nyob rau hauv peb hom iav yog tag nrho raws li thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv.
Cov khoom siv iav: Cov khoom lag luam kev ua haujlwm tau teev tseg hauv tus qauv tshiab, cov dej sab hauv dej tsis kam, thermal poob siab, thiab cov ntsuas ntsuas sab hauv siab yog ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov ntsuas kev ntxhov siab sab hauv ntawm ISO tus qauv qhia tias ampoule yog 50nm / mm, lwm yam khoom yog 40nm / mm, thiab tus qauv tshiab qhia tias ampoule yog 40nm / mm, yog li qhov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv ntawm ampoule yog siab dua me ntsis. ISO qauv.
Daim ntawv thov lub raj mis kho mob
Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj iav raj mis qauv
Ntau yam khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tsoo, uas muab lub hauv paus txaus thiab cov xwm txheej rau kev tshawb fawb, tsim nyog thiab tsim cov thawv ntim rau ntau hom tshuaj. Kev xaiv thiab siv ntau yam tshuaj hauv ntau hom tshuaj, cov khoom sib txawv thiab qib sib txawv rau cov tshuaj iav fwj yuav tsum ua raws li cov hauv qab no:
Tshuaj stability
Zoo thiab tsim nyog Chemical Stability Principles
Lub khob ntim khoom siv los tuav txhua yam tshuaj yuav tsum muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tshuaj, uas yog hais tias, hauv kev tsim khoom, khaws cia thiab siv cov tshuaj, cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm lub khob ntim yuav tsum tsis ruaj khov, thiab qee yam khoom ntawm lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob tshwm sim. Kev hloov pauv lossis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, lub khob ntim cov iav ua los ntawm borosilicate iav yuav tsum raug xaiv rau cov tshuaj high-end xws li kev npaj cov ntshav thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ntau hom tshuaj muaj zog acid thiab alkali dej npaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog alkaline dej txhaj tshuaj, yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm borosilicate iav. . Cov iav uas tsis muaj borosilicate iav ampules uas tau siv dav hauv Suav teb tsis haum rau kev npaj cov dej tshuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv iav no yuav tsum maj mam hloov mus rau 5.0 cov ntaub ntawv iav kom ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb kom sai li sai tau los xyuas kom meej tias cov tshuaj uas lawv muaj tsis siv. Off-chip, tsis turbid, thiab tsis deteriorate.
Rau kev txhaj tshuaj hmoov, kev npaj ntawm qhov ncauj thiab cov infusions loj, kev siv cov iav uas tsis muaj borosilicate lossis cov dej qab zib-kua txiv iav tuaj yeem ua tau raws li nws cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tshuaj. Lub degree ntawm corrosion ntawm cov tshuaj rau iav yog feem ntau cov kua yog ntau dua li cov khib nyiab thiab alkalinity yog ntau dua acidity, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog alkaline dej txhaj tshuaj muaj ntau dua cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau rau cov tshuaj iav fwj.
Resistant rau thermal degeneration
Zoo tsis kam mus ceev kub hloov
Hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj, qhov kub thiab txias kom qhuav, ua kom tsis muaj menyuam lossis qhov kub thiab txias txias-drying yog xav tau nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom lub khob ntim tau zoo thiab tsim nyog muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv qhov kub thiab txias tsis tau tawg. . Qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm iav kom hloov kub ceev yog feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog coefficient ntawm thermal expansion. Qhov qis dua qhov coefficient ntawm thermal expansion, qhov muaj zog nws tsis kam mus rau qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, ntau qhov kev npaj tshuaj tiv thaiv qib siab, kev npaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev npaj lyophilized feem ntau yuav tsum siv 3.3 borosilicate iav lossis 5.0 borosilicate iav. Thaum qhov loj ntawm cov iav borosilicate tsawg uas tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb raug hloov pauv sai ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, lawv feem ntau yuav tawg thiab poob lub raj mis. Tuam Tshoj 3.3 borosilicate iav muaj kev txhim kho zoo, cov iav no tshwj xeeb yog tsim rau kev npaj lyophilized, vim tias nws tsis kam mus rau qhov kub thiab txias tam sim ntawd zoo dua li 5.0 borosilicate iav.
Mechanical zog
Zoo thiab haum mechanical zog
Cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ntau npaum li cas cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau tiv ib tug tej yam degree ntawm mechanical resistance thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom thiab kev thauj mus los. Lub zog txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj iav fwj thiab cov thawv ntim tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog lub raj mis zoo, geometric loj, thermal ua, thiab lwm yam, tab sis kuj yog lub zog txhua yam ntawm cov khoom iav. Rau qee qhov, lub zog txhua yam ntawm borosilicate iav yog zoo dua li cov dej qab zib-txiv qaub iav.
Kev tshaj tawm thiab kev siv cov qauv tshiab rau cov iav fwj tshuaj yog tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb, ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm kev koom ua ke nrog cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, thiab txhim kho cov khoom ntim tshuaj zoo, xyuas kom zoo ntawm cov tshuaj, txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Yuav ua lub luag haujlwm zoo. Tau kawg, zoo li tag nrho cov txheej txheem rau cov khoom ntim tshuaj, tseem muaj ntau yam teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau txhim kho ntxiv, txhim kho, thiab ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej rau cov iav fwj tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom hloov mus rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj. thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Thov. Cov qauv tsim, cov ntsiab lus thiab kev ntsuas ntawm cov qauv, thiab qhov twg cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb tau txais kev pom zoo thiab ua raws li kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb txhua tus xav tau kev hloov kho kom tsim nyog thiab ntxiv rau thaum hloov kho.
Lub raj mis thiab lub tank ntsuas cov qauv:
Kev ntsuas kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov iav hub: ASTM C 148-2000 (2006).
Post lub sij hawm: Dec-06-2019