Sib tsoo ntawm iav

iav carving yog carve thiab sculpture iav khoom nrog ntau yam sib tsoo tshuab. Hauv qee cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog hu ua "tom qab txiav" thiab "engraving". Tus neeg sau xav tias nws yog qhov tseeb dua los siv kev sib tsoo rau kev sib tsoo, vim tias nws qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej sib tsoo lub log, thiaj li ua kom pom qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov riam hauv cov tsoos kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua; Qhov ntau ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab engraving yog dav dua, nrog rau carving thiab engraving. Sib tsoo thiab engraving ntawm iav tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom hauv qab no:

(1) Dav hlau engraving (engraving) engraving ntawm iav kom tau ntau yam qauv thiab cov qauv yog hu ua iav engraving. Piv nrog rau peb-dimensional, dav hlau engraving ntawm no tsis tas yuav xa mus rau lub dav hlau nrog lub iav tiaj tus raws li lub hauv paus, nrog rau ntau yam nkhaus iav vases, medals, memorials, exhibits, thiab lwm yam, tab sis feem ntau yog hais txog ob-seem spatial qauv, Feem ntau. ntawm polished iav yog dav hlau carving.

(2) Relief sculpture yog ib yam ntawm cov khoom uas carves duab nyob rau saum npoo ntawm iav, uas yuav muab faib mus rau hauv ntiav nyem (nyias puab nyem) thiab siab nyem. Puab tsaig nyem nyem yog hais txog kev nyem uas qhov piv ntawm ib daim duab tuab thiab cov khoom tiag tiag thickness ntawm txoj kab txoj hauj lwm mus rau qhov chaw nyem yog li 1/10; Kev nyem siab yog hais txog kev nyem qhov twg qhov piv ntawm ib daim duab thickness rau cov khoom tiag thickness los ntawm txoj kab txoj hauj lwm mus rau lub nyem nto tshaj 2/5. Relief yog haum rau saib ntawm ib sab.

(3) Round sculpture yog ib hom iav sculpture uas tsis txuas rau ib qho keeb kwm yav dhau thiab haum rau ntau lub kaum ntse ntse txaus siab, suav nrog lub taub hau, bust, tag nrho lub cev, pab pawg neeg thiab tsiaj ua qauv.

(4) Semicircle yog hais txog ib hom iav sculpture uas siv cov txheej txheem carving puag ncig los kos lub ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm, thiab tso tseg qhov thib ob los ua ib nrab ntawm kev kos duab.

(5) Kab carving yog hais txog kev kos duab ntawm cov iav nrog Yin kab lossis Yang kab raws li cov duab tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nruj me ntsis paub qhov txawv kab carving los ntawm dav hlau carving.

(6) Openwork yog hais txog qhov nyem ntawm hollowing tawm hauv pem teb iav. Koj tuaj yeem pom qhov scenery tom qab lub nyem ntawm pem hauv ntej los ntawm qhov chaw hauv pem teb.

Vim lub sij hawm-siv ntawm iav round carving, semi-circular carving thiab openwork carving, iav feem ntau yog ua ntej zoo li tus roughcast, thiab ces av thiab carved. Cov no feem ntau yog cov duab kos duab. Kev tsim khoom tsis tu ncua yog kab carving, nyem thiab dav hlau carving iav khoom.

iav carving muaj keeb kwm ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7 BC, polished iav khoom tshwm nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia, thiab nyob rau hauv Persia los ntawm lub xyoo pua 7th BC mus rau lub xyoo pua 5 BC, lotus qauv tau kos rau hauv qab ntawm iav daim hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm Achaemenid ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws nyob rau hauv 50 BC, zus tau tej cov iav hauv av tau vam meej heev. Hauv thawj 100 xyoo AD, cov neeg Loos siv lub log los ua cov khoom iav. Los ntawm 700 mus rau 1400 ad, Islamic iav cov neeg ua haujlwm siv plaub engraving thiab nyem thev naus laus zis los ua cov txheej txheem ntawm iav thiab ua iav nyem. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Ravenscroft, ib tug Englishman, hauv av thiab engraved txhuas zoo iav. Vim nws qhov siab refractive index thiab dispersion, thiab zoo transparency, lead iav siv lead ua ua ib tug du facet tom qab sib tsoo. Hom multi edget no zoo heev txhim kho cov nyhuv refraction ntawm cov iav thiab ua rau ntau qhov kev taw qhia lub teeb refraction ntawm cov iav, uas ua rau cov khoom iav ntau pob tshab thiab ci ntsa iab, thiab txhim kho kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom iav, Ua ib qho ntau yam khoom iav, uas yog sib tsoo thiab engraving iav khoom. Los ntawm 1729 txog 1851, Waterford Hoobkas hauv tebchaws Ireland kuj tsim cov iav siv lead ua iav, uas ua rau Waterford siv lead ua iav ntiaj teb nto moo rau nws cov phab ntsa tuab thiab sib sib zog nqus geometry. Founded hauv 1765 nyob rau hauv lub iav Hoobkas ntawm baccarat, Fabkis, lub grinded siv lead ua iav uas ua los kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov zoo tshaj plaws grinded iav nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, uas yog hu ua baccarat iav thiab kuj txhais ua baccarat iav. Kuj tseem muaj Swarovski thiab Bohemia sib tsoo cov iav siv lead ua, xws li Swarovski lub pob zeb sib tsoo, uas yog txiav thiab hauv av rau 224 npoo. Lub teeb yog reflected los ntawm sab hauv ntawm ntau cov npoo thiab refracted los ntawm cov npoo thiab cov ces kaum. Cov npoo thiab cov ces kaum no kuj ua raws li prisms thiab ib nrab decompose lub teeb dawb rau hauv xya xim iridescence, uas qhia tau zoo kawg nkaus ci ntsa iab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov iav hauv av ntawm lub tuam txhab orefors hauv Sweden kuj yog qhov zoo.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm iav sib tsoo thiab engraving tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: engraving thiab engraving.

Engraving ntawm iav

Engraved iav yog ib yam khoom uas siv lub log tig thiab abrasive los yog emery log ntxiv dej los ua kom lub iav dav hlau ua cov qauv thiab cov qauv.

Hom iav engraving

Raws li kev siv tshuab thiab cov nyhuv, iav paj tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntug carving thiab nyom carving.

(1) Edge engraving (zoo engraving, sib sib zog nqus engraving, tig engraving) grinds thiab carves lub iav nto mus rau hauv ib tug dav los yog angular nto, thiab combines tej qauv thiab cov qauv nrog daim duab peb sab grooves ntawm txawv depths, xws li lub hnub qub, radial, polygon, thiab lwm yam. ., uas feem ntau muaj peb txheej txheem: ntxhib sib tsoo, nplua sib tsoo thiab polishing.

Vim muaj kev txwv ntawm cov cuab yeej, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntug yog lub voj voog taw tes, lub qhov ncauj ntse (khoom luv luv ntawm ob qho kawg), bar loj (ntev tob zawj), txhob lo lo ntxhuav, kho qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam. tom qab simplification thiab deformation, tsiaj, paj thiab nroj tsuag tuaj yeem pom. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus no yog raws li nram no:

① Dots tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub voj voog tag nrho, lub voj voog thiab lub voj voos. Txhua hom dots tuaj yeem siv ib leeg, ua ke thiab ua pab pawg. Piv nrog lub qhov ncauj ntse, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv.

Jiankou Jiankou muab faib ua ob hom, uas feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib xyaw. Cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke yog Baijie, rouzhuan, fantou, paj, snowflake thiab lwm yam. Baijie tuaj yeem tsim eccentric Baijie, hollow Baijie, sab hauv Baijie thiab lwm yam, thiab ntau yam kev hloov tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum tus naj npawb ntawm Baijie txawv. Cov qauv nrog lub qhov ncauj ntse ua ke yog siv los ua lub cev tseem ceeb hauv ntug carving.

③ Silk yog ib hom ntawm nyias thiab ntiav groove cim. Cov duab sib txawv ntawm cov lo lo ntxhuav muab tib neeg lub ntsej muag muag thiab muag muag hauv tsheb engraving

Cov kev taw qhia thiab sib txawv ntawm cov txhob lo lo ntxhuav interweave nrog ib leeg, uas muaj peev xwm nthuav dav lofting loj zoo li lub pov haum zoo thiab chrysanthemum puab, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 18-41

④ Bars yog tuab thiab tob tob. Cov kab yog nkhaus thiab ncaj. Cov kab ncaj nraim yog du thiab zoo nkauj. Cov tuav yog tsuas yog siv los faib qhov chaw thiab tsim cov pob txha. Lub refraction ntawm iav feem ntau pom tau los ntawm lawv.

① Lub qhov ncauj, hauv qab thiab hauv qab ntawm cov tais diav, thiab qhov chaw uas nws nyuaj rau kev ua cov qauv zoo, feem ntau yog kho nrog cov npoo npoo.

Los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab deformation, tsib lub ntsiab lus saum toj no tuaj yeem pom cov tsiaj, paj thiab cov nroj tsuag, yog li tsim ntau hom carvings.

Txoj cai sib piv yuav tsum tau siv tag nrho hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm ntug, thiab cov tuab thiab muaj zog bar yuav tsum tau muab piv nrog rau qhov muag muag. Peb yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov muab faib ntawm qhov loj bar, tsis yog monotonous li chessboard. Qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm lub bar loj yuav tsum yog qhov ntom ntom, kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam. Peb kuj tuaj yeem siv qhov sib txawv ntawm pob tshab thiab matte, tiag tiag thiab paub daws teeb meem ntxiv kom zoo nkauj rau tus qauv.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus sib koom ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug hauv kev tsim ntawm ntug carving qauv. Cov khoom zoo nkauj sib txawv yuav tsum tsis txhob siv ntau dhau thiab lwm yam, uas yog, cov ntsiab lus xws li dots thiab qhov muag lej yuav tsum tsis txhob sau ua ke. Yog tias lub log zoo yog cov qauv loj, lwm cov qauv yuav tsum nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub cuab. Qee qhov txawv teb chaws proofreading iav khoom siv tsuas yog ib hom khoom los ua cov dots. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, tus qauv tsim ntawm ib tug tiav ntug engraved iav yuav tsum xav txog txoj cai ntawm kev sib piv thiab kev sib koom ua ke, uas yog, nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke nyob rau hauv sib piv thiab combining zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv kev sib sau. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no nws tuaj yeem ua tiag tiag thiab ntuj yam tsis muaj teeb meem, sib haum xeeb thiab ruaj khov yam tsis muaj monotony.