Glass carving is to carve and sculpture glass products with various grinding machines. In some literatures, it is called “following cutting” and “engraving”. The author thinks that it is more accurate to use grinding to carve, because it highlights the function of tool grinding wheel, so as to show the difference from all kinds of carving knives in traditional arts and crafts; The range of grinding and engraving is wider, including carving and engraving. Grinding and engraving on glass can be divided into the following types:
(1) Plane engraving (engraving) engraving on glass to get various patterns and patterns is called glass engraving. Compared with three-dimensional, plane engraving here does not necessarily refer to the plane with flat glass as the base, including various curved glass vases, medals, memorials, exhibits, etc., but mainly refers to the two-dimensional spatial patterns, Most of the polished glass is plane carving.
(2) Relief sculpture is a kind of product that carves image on the surface of glass, which can be divided into shallow relief (thin inner relief) and high relief. Shallow relief sculpture refers to the relief that the ratio of the single image thickness and the real object thickness from the position line to the relief surface is about 1 / 10; High relief refers to the relief where the ratio of the single image thickness to the real object thickness from the position line to the relief surface exceeds 2 / 5. Relief is suitable for viewing on one side.
(3) Round sculpture is a kind of glass sculpture that is not attached to any background and suitable for multi angle appreciation, including head, bust, whole body, group and animal models.
(4) Semicircle refers to a kind of glass sculpture that uses round carving technique to carve the main part that needs to be expressed, and abandons the secondary part to form a half round carving.
(5) Line carving refers to the carving on the surface of glass with Yin line or Yang line as the main shape. It is difficult to strictly distinguish line carving from plane carving.
(6) Openwork refers to the relief of hollowing out the glass floor. You can see the scenery behind the relief from the front through the floor space.
Due to the time-consuming of glass round carving, semi-circular carving and openwork carving, the glass is usually first shaped into a roughcast, and then ground and carved. These are mostly works of art. Regular production is line carving, relief and plane carving glass products.
Glass carving has a long history. In the 7th century BC, polished glass objects appeared in Mesopotamia, and in Persia from the 7th century BC to the 5th century BC, lotus patterns were engraved on the bottom of glass plates. During the Achaemenid period of Egypt in 50 BC, the production of ground glass was very prosperous. In the first century AD, the Roman people used the wheel to carve glass products. From 700 to 1400 ad, Islamic glass workers used the four engraving and relief technology to process the surface of glass and make relief glass. In the middle of the 17th century, Ravenscroft, an Englishman, ground and engraved lead quality glass. Because of its high refractive index and dispersion, and good transparency, lead crystal glass forms a smooth facet after grinding. This kind of multi edge facet greatly improves the refraction effect of the glass and produces multi-directional light refraction on the surface of the glass, which makes the glass products more transparent and shining, and improves the aesthetic feeling of the glass products, Become a variety of glass products, namely grinding and engraving glass products. From 1729 to 1851, Waterford factory in Ireland also developed ground glass crystal glass, which made Waterford crystal glass world famous for its thick wall and deep geometry. Founded in 1765 in the glass factory of baccarat, France, the grinded crystal glass produced is also one of the best grinded glass in Europe, which is called baccarat glass and also translated as baccarat glass. There are also Swarovski and Bohemia grinding crystal glass, such as Swarovski’s grinding crystal ball, which is cut and ground into 224 edges. The light is reflected from the inner surface of many edges and refracted from the edges and corners. These edges and corners also act as prisms and partially decompose the white light into seven color iridescence, showing magnificent brilliance. In addition, the ground glass of the orefors enterprise in Sweden is also of high quality.
The process of glass grinding and engraving can be divided into two types: engraving and engraving.
Engraving of glass
Engraved glass is a kind of product that uses rotating wheel and abrasive or emery wheel to add water to make the glass plane into patterns and patterns.
Types of glass engraving
According to the processing technology and effect, glass flower can be divided into edge carving and grass carving.
(1) Edge engraving (fine engraving, deep engraving, turning engraving) grinds and carves the glass surface into a wide or angular surface, and combines certain patterns and patterns with triangular grooves of different depths, such as star, radial, polygon, etc., which usually involves three processes: rough grinding, fine grinding and polishing.
Due to the limitation of tools, the basic components of the edge pattern are circle point, sharp mouth (solid short grain bay at both ends), big bar (long deep groove), silk, surface correction, etc. after simplification and deformation, animals, flowers and plants can be shown. The characteristics of these basic components are as follows：
① Dots can be divided into full circle, semicircle and ellipse. All kinds of dots can be used alone, combined and grouped. Compared with sharp mouth, they can increase changes.
Jiankou Jiankou is divided into two types, which are mostly in the form of combination. The common combination patterns are Baijie, rouzhuan, fantou, flower, snowflake and so on. Baijie can produce eccentric Baijie, hollow Baijie, inner Baijie and so on, and many changes can appear when the number of Baijie is different. The patterns with sharp mouth combination are used as the main body in the edge carving.
③ Silk is a kind of thin and shallow groove mark. Different shapes of silk give people a delicate and soft feeling in car engraving
The direction and different number of silk interweave with each other, which can present large lofting like gem shape and chrysanthemum shape, as shown in figure 18-41
④ Bars are thick and deep grooves. The bars are curved and straight. The straight bars are smooth and beautiful. The bars are mainly used to divide the space and form the skeleton. The refraction of glass is mainly realized by them.
① The mouth, the bottom and the bottom of the utensils, and the places where it is difficult to carry out fine pattern processing, are usually treated with the edge surface.
Through combination and deformation, the above five elements can show animals, flowers and plants, thus forming a wide range of carvings.
The contrast rule should be fully used in the design of edge pattern, and the thick and powerful bar should be compared with the delicate eye. We should pay attention to the change of the partition surface of the big bar, not as monotonous as the chessboard. The layout of the big bar should be properly dense, so as to avoid clutter. We can also use the contrast between transparent and matte, realistic and abstract to further beautify the pattern.
The unified principle is equally important in the design of edge carving patterns. Different decorative elements should not be used too much and too miscellaneous, that is, the elements such as dots and arithmetic eyes should not be listed together. If the wheel shape is the main sample, the other samples should be in the position of trap. Some foreign proofreading glass products use only one kind of element to form dots. In a word, the pattern design of a finished edge engraved glass should consider the rule of contrast and unity, that is, seeking unity in contrast and combining contrast in unity. Only in this way can it be vivid and natural without disorder, harmonious and stable without monotony.
Post time: May-13-2021