Kukula kachitidwe ka galasi

Malinga ndi siteji ya chitukuko cha mbiriyakale, galasi akhoza kugawidwa mu galasi akale, galasi chikhalidwe, galasi latsopano ndi galasi mochedwa.

(1) M’mbiri yakale, magalasi akale nthawi zambiri amanena za nthawi ya ukapolo. M'mbiri yaku China, galasi lakale limaphatikizaponso gulu la feudal. Chifukwa chake, galasi lakale nthawi zambiri limatanthawuza galasi lopangidwa mu Qing Dynasty. Ngakhale akutsanzira masiku ano, amatha kutchedwa galasi lachikale, lomwe kwenikweni ndi bodza la galasi lakale.

(2) Galasi yachikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa zida zamagalasi ndi zinthu, monga galasi lathyathyathya, galasi la botolo, galasi lachiwiya, galasi lamakono ndi galasi lokongoletsera, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira yosungunuka yosungunuka ndi mchere wachilengedwe ndi miyala ngati zipangizo zazikulu.

(3) Galasi yatsopano, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti galasi logwira ntchito komanso galasi lapadera logwira ntchito, ndi mtundu wagalasi womwe mwachiwonekere ndi wosiyana ndi galasi lodziwika bwino popanga, kukonzekera, kukonza, kugwira ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo ali ndi ntchito zenizeni monga kuwala, magetsi, magnetism, kutentha, chemistry ndi biochemistry. Ndizinthu zamakono zamakono zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri, kupanga kakang'ono kakang'ono ndikukweza mofulumira, monga galasi yosungirako kuwala, galasi loyang'ana katatu, galasi loyaka moto ndi zina zotero.

(4) Ndizovuta kupereka tanthauzo lenileni la galasi lamtsogolo. Ayenera kukhala galasi lomwe lingathe kupangidwa mtsogolo molingana ndi chitsogozo cha chitukuko cha sayansi kapena kulosera kwachidziwitso.

Ziribe kanthu magalasi akale, galasi lachikhalidwe, galasi latsopano kapena galasi lamtsogolo, zonse zimakhala ndi zofanana komanso zosiyana. Onse ndi zolimba amorphous ndi galasi kusintha kutentha makhalidwe. Komabe, umunthu umasintha ndi nthawi, ndiko kuti, pali kusiyana kwa kutanthauzira ndi kukulitsa nthawi zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, galasi latsopano m'zaka za zana la 20 lidzakhala galasi lachikhalidwe m'zaka za zana la 21; Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti magalasi a ceramic anali mtundu watsopano wa galasi m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, koma tsopano wakhala chinthu chopangidwa mochuluka ndi zomangira; Pakalipano, galasi la photonic ndi chinthu chatsopano chothandizira kufufuza ndi kupanga mayesero. M'zaka zingapo, ikhoza kukhala galasi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chitukuko cha galasi, zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale ndi zachuma panthawiyo. Kukhazikika kwachitukuko kokha ndi chitukuko chachuma ndizomwe zimapangidwira magalasi. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa China yatsopano, makamaka kuyambira kusintha ndi kutsegula, mphamvu yopangira China ndi mlingo waukadaulo wagalasi lathyathyathya, magalasi atsiku ndi tsiku, CHIKWANGWANI chagalasi ndi CHIKWANGWANI chamaso chakhala patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi.

Kukula kwa galasi kumagwirizananso kwambiri ndi zosowa za anthu, zomwe zidzalimbikitse chitukuko cha galasi. Galasi nthawi zonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotengera, ndipo zotengera zamagalasi zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la magalasi otulutsa. Komabe, ku China wakale, ukadaulo wopangira zida za ceramic zidapangidwa, mtundu wake unali wabwinoko, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kunali kosavuta. Sizinali zofunikira kuti mukhale ndi zida zamagalasi osadziwika bwino, kotero kuti galasilo linakhalabe muzodzikongoletsera ndi luso, motero zimakhudza kukula kwa galasi; Komabe, kumadzulo, anthu amakonda kwambiri magalasi owonekera, seti za vinyo ndi zotengera zina, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa zotengera zamagalasi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mu nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito galasi kuti apange zida za kuwala ndi zida za mankhwala kumadzulo kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko cha sayansi yoyesera, kupanga galasi la China kuli mu siteji ya "yade ngati" ndipo n'zovuta kulowa m'nyumba yachifumu. sayansi.

Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kufunikira kwa kuchuluka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi kukukulirakulirabe, ndipo mtundu, kudalirika ndi mtengo wagalasi zimayamikiridwanso kwambiri. Kufunika kwa mphamvu, zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe zagalasi kukukulirakulira. Galasi imafunika kuti ikhale ndi ntchito zambiri, kudalira zochepa pa chuma ndi mphamvu, komanso kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka.

Malinga ndi mfundo pamwamba, chitukuko cha galasi ayenera kutsatira lamulo la sayansi chitukuko mfundo, ndi chitukuko chobiriwira ndi otsika mpweya chuma nthawi zonse chitukuko malangizo galasi. Ngakhale kuti zofunikira za chitukuko chobiriwira ndizosiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mbiri yakale, zochitika zambiri ndizofanana. Kusintha kwa mafakitale kusanachitike, nkhuni zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta pakupanga magalasi. Nkhalango zinadulidwa ndipo chilengedwe chinawonongeka; M’zaka za m’ma 1700, dziko la Britain linaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni, choncho ng’anjo zoyatsa ndi malasha zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, ng'anjo ya tank yokonzanso idayambitsidwa; Ng'anjo yosungunuka yamagetsi idapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 20; M'zaka za m'ma 2100, pali njira yopita ku kusungunuka kosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, ndiko kuti, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zachikhalidwe ndi crucibles, kusungunuka kwa modular, kusungunula kwakuya kwamadzi, kumveketsa vacuum ndi kusungunuka kwamphamvu kwa plasma kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa iwo, kusungunuka kwa modular, kumveketsa vacuum ndi kusungunuka kwa plasma kwayesedwa pakupanga.

Kusungunula modula kumachitika pamaziko a preheating mtanda ndondomeko kutsogolo kwa ng'anjo m'zaka za m'ma 1900, amene angapulumutse 6.5% ya mafuta. Mu 2004, kampani ya Owens Illinois idayesa kupanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mu njira yachikhalidwe yosungunula inali 7.5mj/kga, pamene njira yosungunula ya module inali 5mu / KGA, kupulumutsa 33.3%.

Ponena za kumveka kwa vacuum, wapangidwa mu uvuni wa 20 t / D wapakatikati, womwe ungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosungunula ndikuwunikira pafupifupi 30%. Pamaziko a kumveka kwa vacuum, dongosolo lotsatira la melting (NGMS) lakhazikitsidwa.

Mu 1994, United Kingdom idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'magazi poyesa kusungunuka kwa magalasi. Mu 2003, bungwe la United States Department of Energy and glass industry Association linapanga magalasi osungunuka kwambiri a plasma E, magalasi ang'onoang'ono a ng'anjo yamoto, kupulumutsa mphamvu zoposa 40%. Bungwe latsopano laukadaulo laukadaulo waku Japan lapanganso Asahi nitko ndi Tokyo University yaukadaulo kuti akhazikitse limodzi ng'anjo yoyesera ya 1 T / D. Gulu lagalasi limasungunuka ndikuwuluka ndi kutentha kwa ma radio frequency induction plasma. Nthawi yosungunuka ndi 2 ~ 3 h, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zamagalasi omalizidwa ndi 5.75 MJ / kg.

Mu 2008, Xunzi anachita 100t koloko laimu galasi kukula mayeso, nthawi kusungunuka anali adzafupikitsidwa 1/10 choyambirira, mowa mphamvu unachepetsedwa ndi 50%, Co, ayi, mpweya woipa unachepetsedwa ndi 50%. Kampani yatsopano yamagetsi yaku Japan (NEDO) ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito 1t soda laimu galasi kuyesa ng'anjo, kusungunuka m'ndege pamodzi ndi ndondomeko ya vacuum, ndikukonzekera kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa mphamvu ku 3767kj / kg galasi mu 2012.