Kupera kwa Galasi

Kusema magalasi ndikusema ndi kusema zinthu zamagalasi ndi makina osiyanasiyana opera. M'mabuku ena, amatchedwa "kudula" ndi "engraving". Wolembayo akuganiza kuti ndizolondola kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito kugaya posema, chifukwa zimasonyeza ntchito ya gudumu lopera zida, kuti asonyeze kusiyana kwa mitundu yonse ya mipeni yosema muzojambula zamakono ndi zaluso; Mtundu wa mphesa ndi chosema ndi wokulirapo, kuphatikiza kusema ndi kusema. Akupera ndi chosema pa galasi akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iyi:

(1) Chojambula cha ndege (chojambula) chojambula pagalasi kuti tipeze machitidwe ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana amatchedwa zojambulajambula. Poyerekeza ndi magawo atatu, kujambula kwa ndege pano sikukutanthauza ndege yokhala ndi galasi lathyathyathya monga maziko, kuphatikizapo miphika ya magalasi yokhotakhota, mendulo, zikumbutso, ziwonetsero, ndi zina zotero, koma makamaka zimatanthauza mitundu iwiri ya malo, Ambiri. mwa galasi lopukutidwa ndi kusema ndege.

(2) Chiboliboli chothandizira ndi mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chimasema chifaniziro pamwamba pa galasi, chomwe chingagawidwe kukhala mpumulo wosazama (mpumulo wochepa wamkati) ndi mpumulo waukulu. Chojambula chosazama chimatanthawuza mpumulo kuti chiŵerengero cha makulidwe a chifaniziro chimodzi ndi makulidwe enieni a chinthu kuchokera pamzere wopita kumalo opumira ndi pafupifupi 1/10; Kupumula kwapamwamba kumatanthawuza mpumulo pomwe chiŵerengero cha makulidwe a chithunzi chimodzi ndi makulidwe enieni a chinthu kuchokera pamzere wa malo kupita kumalo operekera chithandizo chimaposa 2 / 5. Thandizo ndiloyenera kuwonera mbali imodzi.

(3) Chiboliboli chozungulira ndi mtundu wa chosema chagalasi chomwe sichimangiriridwa kumbuyo kulikonse komanso koyenera kuyamikira ma angle angapo, kuphatikiza mutu, kuphulika, thupi lonse, gulu ndi zinyama.

(4) Semicircle imatanthawuza mtundu wa chosema wa magalasi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yozungulira yosema kuti ajambule gawo lalikulu lomwe liyenera kufotokozedwa, ndikusiya gawo lachiwiri kuti apange theka lozungulira.

(5) Mzere kusema amatanthauza kusema pamwamba pa galasi ndi Yin mzere kapena Yang mzere monga waukulu mawonekedwe. N'zovuta kusiyanitsa mosamalitsa kusema mzere ndi kusema ndege.

(6) Openwork amatanthauza mpumulo wakubowola pansi pagalasi. Mutha kuwona mawonekedwe kumbuyo kwa mpumulo kuchokera kutsogolo kupita pansi.

Chifukwa cha nthawi yambiri yojambula magalasi mozungulira, kujambula mozungulira mozungulira komanso kujambula kwaposachedwa, galasi nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kukhala roughcast, kenako pansi ndi kusema. Izi ndizojambula zambiri. Kupanga pafupipafupi ndikusema mizere, mpumulo ndi zinthu zamagalasi zosema ndege.

Kusema magalasi kuli ndi mbiri yakale. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC, zinthu zamagalasi opukutidwa zidawonekera ku Mesopotamiya, ndipo ku Perisiya kuyambira zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC mpaka zaka za zana lachisanu BC, mapangidwe a lotus anali atalembedwa pansi pa mbale zamagalasi. Panthawi ya Achaemenid ku Egypt mu 50 BC, kupanga magalasi apansi kunali kopambana kwambiri. M’zaka 100 zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu Ino, anthu a ku Roma ankagwiritsa ntchito gudumu posema zinthu zamagalasi. Kuchokera ku 700 mpaka 1400 ad, ogwira ntchito zamagalasi achisilamu adagwiritsa ntchito luso lazojambula ndi mpumulo kuti akonze pamwamba pa galasi ndikupanga galasi lothandizira. Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1700, Ravenscroft, Mngelezi, adatsitsa ndikujambula magalasi apamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apamwamba a refractive ndi kubalalitsidwa, komanso kuwonekera bwino, galasi lotsogolera limapanga mbali yosalala pambuyo popera. Mtundu wamitundu yambiri yam'mphepete umathandizira kwambiri mawonekedwe a galasi ndikupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amitundu yambiri pagalasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zagalasi ziziwoneka bwino komanso zowala, komanso kumapangitsa kuti magalasi aziwoneka bwino. zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagalasi, zomwe ndikupera ndi kujambula magalasi. Kuchokera mu 1729 mpaka 1851, fakitale ya Waterford ku Ireland idapanganso galasi lagalasi la galasi, lomwe linapangitsa kuti galasi la Waterford lizidziwika padziko lonse chifukwa cha khoma lake lakuda ndi geometry yakuya. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1765 mu fakitale yamagalasi ya baccarat, France, galasi lopukutidwa la kristalo lomwe limapangidwanso ndi limodzi mwa galasi lopukutidwa bwino kwambiri ku Europe, lomwe limatchedwa galasi la baccarat komanso limamasuliridwanso ngati galasi la baccarat. Palinso magalasi a Swarovski ndi Bohemia akupera galasi, monga Swarovski's grinding crystal ball, yomwe imadulidwa ndi kusiyidwa m'mphepete mwa 224. Kuwala kumawonekera kuchokera mkati mwa m'mbali zambiri ndikuchotsedwa m'mphepete ndi m'makona. Mphepete ndi ngodyazi zimagwiranso ntchito ngati ma prisms ndipo zimawola kuwala koyera kukhala mitundu isanu ndi iwiri, kuwonetsa kunyezimira kodabwitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, galasi lapansi la bizinesi ya orefors ku Sweden lilinso lapamwamba kwambiri.

The ndondomeko galasi akupera ndi chosema akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri: chosema ndi chosema.

Kujambula kwa galasi

Galasi lojambula ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito gudumu lozungulira komanso gudumu lotsekemera kapena la emery kuti liwonjezere madzi kuti ndege yagalasi ikhale yofanana ndi mapangidwe.

Mitundu yamagalasi chosema

Malinga ndi luso processing ndi zotsatira, galasi maluwa akhoza kugawidwa m'mphepete kusema ndi udzu kusema.

(1) Zolemba za m'mphepete (zojambula bwino, zojambula zakuya, zojambula zozungulira) zikupera ndi kujambula galasi pamwamba pa malo otakata kapena aang'ono, ndikuphatikiza mitundu ina ndi machitidwe okhala ndi mizere itatu yakuya yosiyana, monga nyenyezi, radial, polygon, etc. ., yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi njira zitatu: kugaya movutikira, kugaya bwino komanso kupukuta.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zida, zigawo zikuluzikulu za m'mphepete mwake ndizozungulira, pakamwa lakuthwa (malo olimba a tirigu waung'ono kumbali zonse ziwiri), kapamwamba (kutalika kwakuya), silika, kukonza pamwamba, ndi zina zotero pambuyo pa kuphweka ndi kupunduka, nyama, maluwa ndi zomera zikhoza kuwonetsedwa. Makhalidwe a zigawo zazikuluzikuluzi ndi izi:

① Madontho amatha kugawidwa kukhala bwalo lathunthu, semicircle ndi ellipse. Mitundu yonse ya madontho itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito yokha, kuphatikiza ndikuyika m'magulu. Poyerekeza ndi pakamwa lakuthwa, amatha kusintha kusintha.

Jiankou Jiankou amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri, yomwe imakhala yosakanikirana. Mitundu yophatikizana yodziwika bwino ndi Baijie, rouzhuan, fantou, maluwa, chipale chofewa ndi zina zotero. Baijie imatha kutulutsa Baijie, hollow Baijie, Baijie yamkati ndi zina zotero, ndipo zosintha zambiri zitha kuwoneka kuchuluka kwa Baijie kukakhala kosiyana. Zitsanzo zokhala ndi kuthwa kwapakamwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thupi lalikulu m'mphepete mwazosema.

③ Silika ndi mtundu wochepa thupi komanso wosaya. Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a silika amapatsa anthu kumva kufewa komanso kofewa pazojambula zamagalimoto

Mayendedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya silika imalumikizana wina ndi mzake, yomwe imatha kuwonetsa kukwezeka kwakukulu ngati mawonekedwe amtengo wapatali ndi mawonekedwe a chrysanthemum, monga momwe chithunzi 18-41 chikusonyezera.

④ Mipiringidzo ndi yokhuthala komanso yozama. Mipiringidzo ndi yopindika komanso yowongoka. Mipiringidzo yowongoka ndi yosalala komanso yokongola. Mipiringidzo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kugawa malo ndikupanga mafupa. The refraction wa galasi makamaka anazindikira ndi iwo.

① Pakamwa, pansi ndi pansi pa ziwiya, ndi malo omwe zimakhala zovuta kupanga mapangidwe abwino, nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi m'mphepete.

Kupyolera mu kuphatikiza ndi mapindikidwe, zinthu zisanu zomwe zili pamwambazi zikhoza kusonyeza nyama, maluwa ndi zomera, motero kupanga zojambula zosiyanasiyana.

Lamulo losiyanitsa liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira popanga mapangidwe a m'mphepete, ndipo kapamwamba kolimba ndi kolimba kayenera kufananizidwa ndi diso losakhwima. Tiyenera kulabadira kusintha kwa magawano pamwamba pa bala lalikulu, osati monyanyira ngati chessboard. Kapangidwe ka kapamwamba kayenera kukhala kowunjika bwino, kuti tipewe kusokoneza. Titha kugwiritsanso ntchito kusiyanitsa pakati pa transparent ndi matte, zenizeni ndi zachidule kuti tiwonjezere kukongoletsa mawonekedwe.

Mfundo yogwirizana ndiyofunikanso pakupanga mapangidwe azithunzi za m'mphepete. Zokongoletsera zosiyanasiyana siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka komanso mosiyanasiyana, ndiko kuti, zinthu monga madontho ndi maso a masamu siziyenera kulembedwa pamodzi. Ngati mawonekedwe a gudumu ndiye chitsanzo chachikulu, zitsanzo zina ziyenera kukhala pamalo amsampha. Zida zamagalasi zowerengera zakunja zimagwiritsa ntchito mtundu umodzi wokha kupanga madontho. M'mawu amodzi, kapangidwe kake ka galasi lojambulidwa m'mphepete ayenera kuganizira lamulo la kusiyanitsa ndi mgwirizano, ndiko kuti, kufunafuna mgwirizano wosiyana ndi kuphatikiza kusiyanitsa mu umodzi. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe imatha kukhala yowoneka bwino komanso yachirengedwe popanda chisokonezo, yogwirizana komanso yokhazikika popanda monotony.