Mitsempha Ya Mowa

Zimaphatikizapo Mowa, mowa, vinyo, Liqueur ndi zakumwa zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mowa wosiyanasiyana. Mowa umapangidwa ndi fermentation, njira imene yisiti imaphwanyira shuga kukhala madzi akumwa otchedwa ethanol.

Ethanol zili pakati pa 0.5% ndi 75.5%, ndipo zimakhala ndi zakudya zina ndi zokometsera. M’dzikoli muli mitundu yambirimbiri ya vinyo, ndipo zinthu zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vinyo n’zosiyana kwambiri. Kuti athe kumvetsetsa ndi kukumbukira, anthu amawagawa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngati vinyo amagawidwa molingana ndi zipangizo zopangira, akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi awiri: vinyo wa tirigu, zonunkhira ndi vinyo wa zitsamba, vinyo wa zipatso, mkaka ndi dzira vinyo, kubzala vinyo wa serous, mead ndi vinyo wosakanizidwa.

Malinga ndi zopangira, vinyo wosasa wakunja amatha kugawidwa mu brandy, whisky, chivas ndi ramu.

1. Brandy: burande ndi vinyo wofufumitsa wopangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso. Brandy, monga amadziwika, ndi vinyo wopangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa ndi fermentation ndi redistillation. Ndipo zipatso zina monga zopangira, kudzera mu njira yomweyo kupanga vinyo, nthawi zambiri pamaso pa burande ndi dzina la zipatso zopangira kusiyanitsa mtundu wake. Brandy nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "moyo wa vinyo". Pali mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapanga brandy, koma brandy yomwe imapangidwa ku France ndi yomwe imadziwika bwino kwambiri.

Mitundu yotchuka ya cognac ndi remy Martin, hennessy, camus ndi agwape achifumu.

Brandy, kochokera ku mawu achi Dutch Brandewijn, amatanthauza "vinyo wopsereza". M'lingaliro yopapatiza, amatanthauza nayonso mphamvu mphesa pambuyo distillation ndi kupeza mkulu mlingo wa mowa, ndiyeno thundu mbiya yosungirako ndi vinyo. Brandy ndi vinyo wosungunuka, wokhala ndi zipatso monga zopangira, pambuyo pa nayonso mphamvu, distillation, kusunga moŵa. Vinyo wothira ndi mphesa monga zopangira amatchedwa brandy wamphesa, nthawi zambiri amati burande, amatanthauza burande wa mphesa. Zina zipatso zopangira mu burande, ayenera kuwonjezera dzina la chipatso, apulo burande, chitumbuwa burande, koma kutchuka ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa wakale wamkulu.

Brandy nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "moyo wa vinyo". Pali mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapanga brandy, koma brandy yomwe imapangidwa ku France ndi yomwe imadziwika bwino kwambiri. Ndipo mu mtundu wa brandy wa ku France, pangani zokhala ndi cognac makamaka zokongola kwambiri, zimapangira arwen yi pafupi (yamanek). Kuphatikiza pa brandy ya ku France, mayiko ena omwe amapanga vinyo, monga Spain, Italy, Portugal, United States, Peru, Germany, South Africa, Greece ndi mayiko ena, amatulutsanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya brandy. Mayiko a Cis opangidwa ndi brandy, khalidwe ndilabwino kwambiri.

· mbiri chiyambi

Brandy ndi amodzi mwa vinyo wakunja. Vinyo amene amatchedwa vinyo wachilendo kwenikweni amatanthauza vinyo wakumadzulo. Brandy ndi mawu achi Dutch otanthauza vinyo wopsereza. Sitima zapamadzi za ku Netherlands zonyamula mchere kupita ku gombe la ku France m’zaka za m’ma 1300 zinabweretsa vinyo kuchokera kudera la Cognac ku France kupita ku mayiko a m’malire a nyanja ya kumpoto, kumene ankatchuka kwambiri. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1500, kuchuluka kwa vinyo amene amapangidwa komanso kuyenda panyanja kwautali kunapangitsa kuti vinyo wa ku France atayike komanso kuti asagulitsidwe. Panthawiyi, amalonda anzeru achi Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito vinyowa ngati zopangira, kukonzedwa kukhala mphesa za vinyo, mizimu yotereyi sidzawononga ndi zoyendera mtunda wautali osati kokha, ndipo chifukwa cha ndende yapamwamba imapangitsa kuti katundu awonongeke, malonda a vinyo a distillation awonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. , Dutch in sharan idzakhazikitsidwa ndi dera la distillation zida zakhala zikuyenda bwino, a French ayamba kumvetsetsa teknoloji ya distillation, ndi chitukuko chake monga chachiwiri. distillation, koma pa nthawi iyi ya vinyo mphesa ndi colorless, chimene tsopano amatchedwa choyambirira burande kusungunuka mizimu.

Mu 1701, dziko la France linachita nawo nkhondo ndi Spain. Panthawi imeneyi, kugulitsa mphesa kunagwa ndipo masheya akuluakulu amayenera kusungidwa m'migolo ya oak. Nkhondo itatha, anthu adapeza kuti burande yosungidwa mu migolo ya oak ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri, yofewa yokoma, yonunkhira, mtundu wake ndi wonyezimira, golide wa amber, wolemekezeka komanso wokongola. Panthawi imeneyi, opangidwa ndi chitsanzo cha burande luso kupanga - nayonso mphamvu, distillation, yosungirako, komanso anayala maziko a chitukuko cha burande.

Brandy inachokera ku France, m'zaka za zana la 12 AD, kupanga vinyo wa cognac kwagulitsidwa ku mayiko a ku Ulaya, zombo zamalonda zakunja nthawi zambiri zimabwera ku doko la charende la nyanja kudzagula vinyo wake. Pafupifupi chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 16, kuti atsogolere kunja kwa vinyo, kuchepetsa sitima footprint kanyumba ndi zofunika ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha katundu wa msonkho wa malipiro, komanso kupewa chifukwa cha mtunda wautali zoyendera vinyo wosauka chodabwitsa, cognac. vinyo amalonda m'tauni ya vinyo kunja pambuyo distillation ndende, ndiyeno kulandira fakitale madzi kuchepetsedwa mu gawo zogulitsa. Vinyo wosungunuka uyu amadziwika kuti brandy ya ku France yoyambirira. Panthaŵiyo, Chidatchi ankachitcha kuti “Brandewijn,” kutanthauza “Vinyo Wopsa.”

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, zigawo zina za ku France zinayamba kutsatira njira ya cognac yosungunula vinyo, ndipo ku France pang'onopang'ono kufalikira kumayiko onse opangira vinyo ku Ulaya komanso padziko lonse lapansi.

Mu 1701, dziko la France lidachita nawo "nkhondo yotsatizana ya ku Spain" ndipo brandy yaku France idaletsedwanso. Amalondawo anayenera kusunga burashiyo moyenera kuti agwiritse ntchito mwambowu. Amagwiritsa ntchito tawuni ya cognac rich oak kupanga migolo ya oak, brandy yosungidwa m'migolo yamatabwa. Kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo mu 1704, opanga vinyo anadabwa kupeza kuti burashi wopanda mtundu wasanduka mtundu wokongola wa amber. Kuyambira pamenepo, kukalamba mbiya thundu, konjak wakhala yofunika kupanga ndondomeko. Kupanga kwamtunduwu, kumafalikiranso padziko lonse lapansi mwachangu.

Pambuyo pa 1887, dziko la France linasintha katundu wa brandy wotumizidwa kunja kuchokera ku mabotolo amatabwa kupita ku mabotolo amatabwa ndi mabotolo. Ndi kusintha kwa ma CD azinthu, mitengo ya cognac nayonso yakwera, kuchulukirachulukira kwa malonda. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kugulitsa kwa cognac pachaka kwafika ma franc 300 miliyoni.

2. Whisky: Kachasu ndi chakumwa choledzeretsa chopangidwa ndi njere zokha. Ndi mowa wosungunuka. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakumwa choyambira kusakaniza, mwa omwe ma whiskeys otchuka komanso oyimira ndi ma scotch whiskeys, ma whiskeys aku Ireland, ma whiskeys aku America ndi ma whiskeys aku Canada.

Mitundu yotchuka ya whisky imaphatikizapo Jim beam, four rose, white horse, wild Turkey, cutty sark, makers mar ndi johnnie walker.

· mbiri chiyambi

Pofika chaka cha 2014, magwero a kachasu sakudziwika, koma ndizotsimikizika kuti kachasu wakhala akupangidwa ku Scotland kwa zaka zoposa 500 ndipo nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti ndi kumene ma whisky onse amabadwira.

Malingana ndi bungwe la Scotch Whisky Association, Scotch Whisky inachokera ku chakumwa chotchedwa Uisge Beatha, chomwe chimatanthauza "madzi a moyo."

Scotch whiskey m'zaka za zana la 15, monga mankhwala ozizira.

M’zaka za m’ma 1100, amonke a ku Ireland anafika ku Scotland kudzafalitsa Uthenga Wabwino, ndipo anabweretsa kachasu kakuti scotch whisky.

Mu 1780 panali malo asanu ndi atatu okha opangira ma distilleries ovomerezeka, poyerekeza ndi zopitilira 400 zosaloledwa zamitundu yonse. Iwo amayenera kudula ngodya kuti apange izo, ndipo mbiri ya scotch whiskey inali kuipiraipira.

Mu 1823, nyumba yamalamulo yaku Britain idakhazikitsa lamulo la Excise Act kuti likhazikitse malo osavuta amisonkho opangira ma distillers ovomerezeka pomwe "akupondereza" molimba mtima ma distillers osaloledwa, zomwe zidalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko chamakampani a scotch whisky.

Mu 1831, gawoli lidayambitsidwa ku Scotland, lomwe limatha kusungunuka mosalekeza, kukulitsa mphamvu ya distillation, motero kutsitsa mtengo wa whisky ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka kwambiri.

3. Chivas: ma chivas otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi kachasu wapamwamba kwambiri wa scotch. Ndi kachasu wosakanizika, kachasu wabwino koposa - wofewa komanso wosakhwima, masitayilo apadera, otsogola. Ndi mawonekedwe ake olemera, apadera komanso mbiri yakale yazaka zopitilira 200, chivas yakhala wodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa scotch whisky.

Mitundu yotchuka ya chivas ndi vodka, Soviet red brand stolichnaya, finlandia, absolute absolute ku Sweden, tsekwe wotuwa ku France, polish snow tree beveldere, Dutch van gogh ndi New Zealand pansi pa madigiri 42 42 pansipa.

Chivas chivas, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1801 ku Aberdeen, Scotland, ndiye woyamba padziko lonse kupanga ma whiskeys osakanizidwa komanso wopanga mitundu itatu ya ma whiskeys. Oyambitsa anali Yakobo ndi Yohane chivas.

Amadziwika kuti ndi amene anayambitsa "kubadwa kwa mngelo", abale James chivas ndi John chivas chivas anali oyamba kupanga chivas chivas, mtundu woimira whisky wodekha, wapadera komanso wodziwika bwino. Chivas chivas 18 - chaka chachabechabe chimachokera ku miyambo ya chivas chivas. Pofuna kusonyeza khalidwe lake lodabwitsa, botolo lililonse la chivas chivas lazaka 18 la scotch whiskey limakhala ndi siginecha ya Colin Scott mu golide, womwe ndi umboni kwa scotch whisky wolemera, wolemekezeka komanso wokongola.

Chivas regal ndi kachasu wotchuka kwambiri wa Scotch premium padziko lapansi. Kampani ya chivas regal idakhazikitsidwa ku Aberdeen, Scotland mu 1801 ndi abale James ndi John chivas regal.

· mbiri chiyambi

Chivas regal, woimira whisky wosakanikirana, ali ndi ubale wapamtima ndi banja lachifumu la Britain. Zinayamba chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene abale awiri, James "chivas" ndi "John" chivas, ankagulitsa golosale m'tauni yodzaza ndi anthu ya Aberdeen pagombe la kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Scotland. Anapeza luso losakaniza mitundu ingapo ya vinyo komanso chinsinsi chosungira vinyo m'migolo ya oak. M'dzinja la 1842, Mfumukazi Victoria anapita ku Scotland koyamba ndipo adakonda malo ake okongola komanso whisky.

Chomaliza kwambiri pagulu la chivas, "royal salute 21 whisky", chidapangidwa mwapadera mu 1953 kukondwerera kuvekedwa ufumu kwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth ii. Dzinali limachokera ku mwambo wakale wa gulu lankhondo lachifumu kuwombera moni wamfuti 21 mwaulemu wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuopsa kwa saluti yachifumu kumaonekera posankha migolo ya thundu ya mowa movutikira. Choyamba, chiyenera kukhala champhamvu kuti chikhalepo kwa nthawi yaitali. Chachiwiri, iyenera kuti inali ndi Spanish sherry kapena American bourbon. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti vinyo amakalamba kwa zaka zosachepera 21, ndipo zonyansa za vinyo zimatengedwa ndi mpweya wabwino kudzera mu mpweya wa oak, pamene whiskey imatenganso kununkhira kwa oak.

Pambuyo pa zaka 21, chakumwacho chachepetsedwa kufika pa 60 peresenti yokha ya zomwe anali nazo poyamba, ndipo msakanizo wapadera wa zosakaniza umafunika kuti upangire sawatcha wolemera ndi wovuta wa mfumu. Ngati mutangoyamba kumene kugwiritsa ntchito kachasu ndipo mukuyang'ana chinthu chosavuta kuzolowera, CHIVAS REGEL ali pamndandanda. Izi 12 - chaka - chakale kachasu wosakaniza ali ndi umunthu wofewa komanso mawonekedwe osalala. Whisky osadziwa za CHIVAS REGEL komanso wopanga CHIVAS BROTHERS LTD ali ngati kumwa vinyo wadziko lonse osadziwa za motai. Woyambitsa mnzake wa CHIVAS, James CHIVAS, adayamba kupanga whisky yake yoyamba, ROYAL GLEN DEE, mu 1841, mopambana. Mu 1843, Mfumukazi Victoria anamupatsa dzina lakuti “Purveyor of Grocery to Her Majesty.” Mwachisawawa kutanthauza "wopereka katundu wachifumu," abale James ndi John Chivas adakhazikitsa mwalamulo Chivas BROTHER mu 1857. Zina mwazinthu zodziwika bwino, monga RoyalStrathythan ndi Loch Nevis, zinayamba kupanga panthawiyi. Panali pafupi zaka khumi zapitazi za zaka za m'ma 1900 kuti CHIVASBROTHER anayamba kupanga mankhwala awo otchuka kwambiri: CHIVAS REGAL.

4. Rum: mzimu wosungunulidwa wopangidwa kuchokera ku molasi wa nzimbe, wotchedwanso ramu, ramu, kapena ramu. Wochokera ku Cuba, ndiwotsekemera komanso wonunkhira m'kamwa

Ramu, ndi molasses wa nzimbe monga zopangira kuti apange vinyo wosasa, wotchedwanso shuga, ramu, ramu. Wochokera ku Cuba, ndiwotsekemera komanso wonunkhira m'kamwa. Ramu ndi madzi owiritsa, osungunuka opangidwa kuchokera ku nzimbe. Malingana ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi njira zopangira mowa, ramu ikhoza kugawidwa kukhala: vinyo woyera wa ramu, vinyo wakale wa ramu, ramu yowala, ramu nthawi zambiri, ramu yamphamvu ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimakhala ndi mowa 38% mpaka 50%, mowa wa amber, bulauni, komanso wopanda mtundu.

· mbiri chiyambi

Chiyambi cha ramu chili ku Republic of Cuba. Rum ndi vinyo wamba waku Cuba, Republic of Cuba ramu amapangidwa ndi mbuye wake ngati zopangira za shuga wa nzimbe wopangidwa ndi nzimbe mumigolo yoyera ya oak, patatha zaka zambiri zofufutira mosamala, zomwe zidapangitsa kukoma kwapadera, kosayerekezeka. , motero amakhala chakumwa chokondedwa cha anthu akukuba. Ramu ndi mankhwala achilengedwe opangidwa kuchokera ku nzimbe. Njira yonse yopanga kuchokera pakusankhira mosamala kwa zida zopangira, kutulutsa mowa motsatira, kukalamba kwa nzimbe, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwongolera. Ubwino wa ramu umadalira zaka za vinyo, kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka makumi angapo. Mabaibulo atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa pamsika, amakhala ndi mowa wa 38 ° ndi 40 °, motero, ndipo amapangidwa popanda mowa wolemetsa kuti asunge fungo lokoma. Mbiri ya Cuba ramu ndi gawo lofunikira la mbiri ya Republic of Cuba.

Columbus anabwera ku Cuba pa ulendo wake wachiwiri wopita ku America. Anabweretsa mizu ya nzimbe kuchokera kuzilumba za canary. Zomwe zinali zosayembekezereka n’zakuti mizu inaloŵa m’malo mwa golidi amene anabwera pachilumbachi, amene anthu a m’derali ankatcha kuti Cipango.

M’nkhani yake yokumbukira Papa Ferdinand ndi Papa Isabella, munthu wina analemba kuti: “Nzimbe zodulidwa zimabzalidwa m’nthaka imodzi ndi imodzi n’kumakula kukhala chidutswa chachikulu.” Nyengo ya ku Cuba: nthaka yochuluka, madzi, ndi kuwala kwadzuwa zinalola mbewu zobzalidwa kumene kuti zikule mozungulira mafumu a ku India, ndipo nzimbe zikule pachilumbachi.

Zida zoyamba zomwe Amwenye ankagwiritsa ntchito popangira madzi a nzimbe zinkatchedwa La Cunyaya. Kenako panabwera mphero zoyendetsedwa ndi nyama (akavalo ndi ng’ombe), kenaka mphero zogwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka zida zamphamvu zopangira ma hydraulic, ndipo pomalizira pake mphero zamakono zamakono. Ntchito yoyambirira idasinthidwa ndi akapolo akuda omwe adabwera kuchokera ku Africa ndipo adakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwamakampani a shuga ku Republic of Cuba. Mu 1539, mu lamulo la King carlos v, panali zinthu zina zamakampani a shuga, monga shuga woyera, shuga wopanda shuga, shuga woyengedwa, shuga woyengedwa, zinyalala, scum woyengedwa, sucrose paddle, uchi wa sucrose, ndi zina zambiri.

Mmishonale wa ku France Jean Baptiste Labat 1663-1738 anaona “anthu achiaborijini, anthu akuda ndi oŵerengeka a anthu okhala pachilumbachi ali m’mikhalidwe yawo yachibwana, akumapanga chakumwa choŵaŵa ndi choledzeretsa ndi madzi a nzimbe. Pambuyo kumwa kungapangitse anthu kusangalala ndi kuthetsa kutopa. Chakumwa ichi chimapangidwa ndi nayonso mphamvu. Anthu a ku Ulaya adziwa njira imeneyi kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1800. Pambuyo pa achifwamba, amalonda anabwera ku Cuba. Mmodzi wa iwo, Francis. Drake amadziwika kwambiri potcha chakumwa chodziwika bwino chochokera ku nzimbe shaoxing Draque.

Anthu aku Cuba adanena kuti mowa wa nzimbe, umapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi a nzimbe, mowa wofufumitsa, ku Antilles, Colombia, Honduras ndi Mexico akupanga shochu, amapangidwa kuchokera ku molasses wa nzimbe ndi kuwira, kusiyana kwake ndikuti dziko la Cuba limamveka bwino, ndi kununkhira kosangalatsa, ramu yaku Cuba ndi gawo la kupanga.

Mu 1791, dziko la Cuba lidalamulira kugulitsa shuga ku Europe pambuyo pa zipolowe za akapolo aku Haiti zidawononga mphero za shuga.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa injini nthunzi, minda ya nzimbe ndi ramu fakitale kuchuluka mu Republic of Cuba, Cuba mu 1837 anaika njanji, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mndandanda wa zamakono zamakono, pali zokhudzana ndi ukadaulo wofukitsa moŵa, atsamunda aku Spain adaganiza zotengera njira zolimbikitsira bizinesi ya shuga ya Republic of Cuba idalola kutumizidwa kunja kwa republic of sugar.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwaukadaulo watsopano kunasintha njira yopangira. Cuba imapanga ramu ya mowa wochepa - ramu yabwino, yofewa yokhala ndi kukoma kwautali, kosalekeza. Kumwa ramu kwakhala gawo la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ku Cuba. Opanga kwambiri ndi Havana, cardenas, cienfuegos ndi Santiago DE Cuba. Mulata, San Carlos, Bocoy, Matusalen, Havana club, Arechavala ndi Bacardi adachulukitsa kupanga kwambiri pambuyo poti amalonda aku Cuba adalowa m'malo mwa vinyo wopangidwa ndi manja ndikupanga batch.

Kuchokera mu 1966 mpaka 1967, ramu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku Cuba kuyambira nthawi imeneyo zalembedwa ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizira kuti chitsimikiziro chapamwamba ndi chowonadi cha ramuyo. Pali mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya ramu iyi, monga atsikana osakanikirana, Santero… Ndi zina zotero.