Mu 1994, Ubwongereza bwatangiye gukoresha plasma mugupima ibirahure. Mu 2003, ishyirahamwe ry’ingufu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’inganda n’ibirahure ryakoze ikizamini gito cya pisine y’ubucucike bwa plasma ikaze cyane yashonga E ikirahure hamwe n’ibirahure, bikiza ingufu zirenga 40%. Ikigo cy’Ubuyapani gishya cy’inganda zikoresha ingufu n’iterambere ryateguye kandi Ubuyapani xiangnituo na kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Tokiyo kugira ngo bafatanye gukora ikizamini cya 1t / D. Ikirahuri cyashongeshejwe muguhumeka na radio induction plasma. Igihe cyo gushonga cyari 2 ~ 3H gusa, kandi gukoresha ingufu zose zikirahure cyarangiye byari 5.75mj / kg. Muri 2008, xiangnituo yakoze ikizamini cyo kurinda ibirahuri bya soda 100t, kandi igihe cyo gushonga cyaragabanutse kugera kuri 1/10 cyumwimerere, gukoresha ingufu byagabanutseho 50%, Co, Oya imyuka ihumanya ikirere yagabanutseho 50%. Inganda nshya z’Ubuyapani n’inganda (NEDO) zishinzwe iterambere ry’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ziteganya gukoresha igisubizo cya toda 1 soda lime yikizamini cyo gupima, gushonga mu ndege hamwe n’ibikorwa byo gusobanura, kandi irateganya kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zashonga kugeza ku kirahuri 3767 kJ / kg mu 2012 .
Kubijyanye n'ibikoresho fatizo by'ibirahure, galena na gurşu itukura byakoreshejwe mu gushonga ibirahuri mumateka. Ikirahuri cya sisitemu ikozwe muri galena na sisitemu itukura iragaragara kandi yoroshye gukora no kubaza, bikaba byiza cyane kuruta ikirahuri cya soda. Byarigeze gutekerezwa ko iyi ari iterambere. Ariko nyuma, abantu bamenye buhoro buhoro ingaruka ziterwa no kwanduza ibirahuri. Kugeza ubu, usibye ikirahure cya optique hamwe n’ikirahure cyiza, Uburayi bwakoze ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahure, ikirahuri Isasu ryabujijwe gukinishwa hamwe nibikoresho bimwe byo gupakira. Mercure, kadmium na arsenic nabyo byari bibujijwe. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 18 kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19, indorerwamo z'ikirahure zasizwe amabati inyuma y'ikirahure kugira ngo zitekerezeho, ariko zari uburozi bukabije. Mu 1835, hakoreshejwe ifeza ya shimi. Mubihe byashize, okiside ya arsenic yakoreshwaga nka opacifier kugirango ikore ibicuruzwa byigana. Ingaruka zari zigoye kubandi opacifiers kubigeraho. Ariko, kubera uburozi bwayo, kuva kera byabujijwe gukoreshwa nka opacifier. Ntabwo gusa ibirahuri byerekanaga ibiryo n'ibinyobwa byakoreshejwe nkibisobanuro aho gukoresha okiside ya arsenic, ariko kandi ikirahure cya optique nacyo cyakoreshejwe mugukuraho arsenic, Iterambere ryibirahuri bitari optique ryagabanije gukoresha umutungo udasubirwaho nkibikoresho fatizo na ingufu, kimwe no gukoresha karubone mu bwikorezi. Dufashe Ubwongereza nk'urugero, buri icupa ry'ikirahure rigabanukaho 1/10, kandi gukoresha toni 250000 z'ikirahure na toni 180000 za CO2 ziva mu kirere bigabanuka buri mwaka. Intiti z’amahanga nazo zagaragaje ko ubwiza bw’amacupa ya divayi bwagabanutseho 1g, naho co yasohotse mu kirere nayo yagabanutseho 1g. Mu kirere, indege, ubwikorezi, kugabanya ibirahuri ni ngombwa cyane. Usibye kurwanya imirasire, ubwinshi bwumwanya wa optique sisitemu igomba kugabanuka. Kurugero, TiO2 ikoreshwa mugusimbuza PbO, Bao, CDO mugutegura ikirahuri cya optique hamwe nigitekerezo kimwe cyo kwanga. Kugirango ugabanye uburemere bwikirahure cyimodoka, 2mm yububiko bwikirahure bukoreshwa mugutegura ikirahure cyumutekano. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane kubintu byerekanwe, aho uburebure bwikirahure bwagabanutse kuva kuri 2mm bugera munsi ya 1.5mm; Ubunini bwa ecran ya ecran bugabanuka kuva 0.5mm kugeza 0.1mm; Ubunini bwibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byerekanwa byaragabanutse kugera kuri 0.3mm. Muri 2011, Asahi nitzsch yakoze 0.1 mm ya alkali yubusa yubusa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kureremba kuri ecran ya ecran, kwerekana ibisekuru bya kabiri, kumurika no kuvura. Ikirahure gito cyane hamwe nikirahure cya ultra-thin bikoreshwa mugutandukanya no gutwikira isahani yizuba ryizuba muri satelite, icyogajuru hamwe nogukora ibyogajuru kugirango bizigamire ingufu mugutangiza no gukora. Umubyimba wa substrate hamwe nisahani yo gupfuka ugenda ugabanuka kuva kuri 0,1 mm kugeza kuri 0.008 mm.
Kwishyira hamwe no kwimenyekanisha bituma ubwoko bumwe bwibicuruzwa byibirahure bifite imikorere myinshi kandi bigahinduka ubwoko bushya bwibintu byuzuye hamwe nibikorwa bibiri kandi byinshi, ibyo bigatuma umwimerere ukenera gukoresha ibirahuri byinshi bikora hanyuma ukabihindura ubwoko bwikirahure gikora. Kurugero, ikirahuri cyubaka cyubaka ubwenge gifite imirimo yo gucana byikora, kubika amajwi, kurinda ubushyuhe, kweza ikirere, antibacterial na sterilisation, kandi birashobora no guhuza ifoto ya fotovoltaque (amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba), gukusanya ubushyuhe bwizuba, hydrogène hamwe nikirahure urukuta rw'umwenda kugirango rukore inyubako ifite ubwenge izigama ingufu, kurengera ibidukikije no gukoresha neza umutungo.
Imvange yikirahure nibintu kama bivuga guhuza byombi mubipimo bya nano, bishobora gushimangira imikoranire yimbere, bigatanga umukino wuzuye kubikomeye, gutuza kurwego, ubushyuhe bworoshe cyane hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikirahure, kandi nanone koresha icyogosho, cyoroshye gutunganywa no guhinduka kwa organic polymer ntoya, kugirango ubone ibikoresho bishya bishobora gushushanywa, guteranyirizwa hamwe, kuvangwa no guhindurwa. Imikorere mishya yibikoresho bya Hybrid irashobora kuboneka muguhitamo ibice bitandukanye kama, nko kongeramo polymers ikora muri sisitemu yinzibacyuho ya alkoxide. Imiterere yibikoresho bivangavanze birashobora gushushanywa no guhindurwa bigamije, nko kongeramo amarangi kama cyangwa p-conjugated polymers mumurongo wibirahure kugirango ubone ibikoresho bya optique bifite umurongo kubintu bidafite umurongo; Kurugero, ubushyuhe bwikirahure cyubushyuhe bwa fosifate nkeya yo gushonga byateguwe na Hybridisation ni munsi ya 29 ℃.
Ikirahuri gakondo kiroroshye, kigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yacyo. Imbaraga no gushimangira ibirahuri nigikorwa cyihutirwa cyubushakashatsi. Mu bihe biri imbere, dukeneye gucukumbura byimazeyo ibitera imiterere ya microcrake, gukoresha tekinoroji yo kwigana hejuru, uburyo bwo kwirinda ikwirakwizwa ry’imitsi, uburyo bwo gukiza ibice, uburyo bwo guhindura ibiranga ubuso bwikirahure, nuburyo bwo gushimangira ikirahuri hamwe na nanostructures .
Mu bihe biri imbere, ibirahuri gakondo bigomba kunoza ibikubiye muri siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, kuzamura igipimo cy’imikoreshereze y’umutungo, no kugana ku iterambere ry’icyatsi n’ibikorwa byinshi, uhereye ku kwaguka kw’inganda ziciriritse kugeza ku iterambere ry’agaciro kongerewe kandi ubuziranenge. Kubijyanye nibikoresho bikora, ibintu byiza byikirahure ntibishobora gusimburwa. Ikinyejana cya 21 ni ikinyejana cya fotonike, kandi tekinoroji ya fotonike ntishobora gutandukanywa nikirahure cya fotonike, gifite uruhare runini mukubyara amakuru, kohereza, kubika, kwerekana, kubika, kubika, kubika, kubika nizindi mbaraga zizuba ni ngombwa ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu ningufu zisukuye, nikirahure nikintu cyingenzi kubyara ingufu zizuba, nka ultra yera yikirahure cyikirahure hamwe nicyapa gipfundikanya ingirabuzimafatizo zuba, ikirahure gikora neza, cyane cyane guhuza inyubako ya fotora. Ifite ibyifuzo byinshi byo guhuza ingufu z'izuba n'urukuta rw'umwenda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-11-2021