Iterambere ryikirahure

Ukurikije amateka yiterambere, ibirahuri birashobora kugabanywamo ibirahure bya kera, ikirahure gakondo, ikirahure gishya nikirahure cyatinze.

(1) Mu mateka, ikirahure cya kera gikunze kuvuga igihe cy'ubucakara. Mu mateka y'Ubushinwa, ikirahure cya kera nacyo kirimo societe ya feodal. Kubwibyo, ikirahure cya kera muri rusange bivuga ikirahuri cyakozwe mubwami bwa Qing. Nubwo irigana uyumunsi, irashobora kwitwa gusa ikirahure cya kera, mubyukuri nimpimbano yikirahure cya kera.

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. amashanyarazi, magnetisme, ubushyuhe, chimie na biohimiki. Nibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse hamwe nubwoko bwinshi, umusaruro muke no kuzamura byihuse, nkibirahure bibitse optique, ibirahuri bitatu-byerekanwa byikirahure, umwobo wogutwikira ibirahuri nibindi.

(4) Biragoye gutanga ibisobanuro nyabyo byikirahure kizaza. Igomba kuba ikirahure gishobora gutezwa imbere mugihe kizaza ukurikije icyerekezo cyiterambere ryubumenyi cyangwa guhanura.

Ntakibazo ikirahure cya kera, ikirahure gakondo, ikirahure gishya cyangwa ikirahure kizaza, byose bifite aho bihurira numuntu kugiti cye. Byose ni amorphous solide hamwe nubushyuhe bwikirahure. Ariko, imiterere ihinduka hamwe nigihe, ni ukuvuga, hariho itandukaniro mugusobanura no kwaguka mubihe bitandukanye: urugero, ikirahuri gishya mukinyejana cya 20 kizahinduka ikirahuri gakondo mukinyejana cya 21; Urundi rugero ni uko ububiko bwibirahure bwari ubwoko bushya bwikirahure muri 1950 na 1960, ariko ubu byahindutse ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byubaka; Kugeza ubu, ikirahure cya fotonike ni ibikoresho bishya byubushakashatsi no gukora ibigeragezo. Mu myaka mike, irashobora kuba ikirahuri gikoreshwa cyane. Urebye iterambere ryibirahure, bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubukungu bwa politiki nubukungu muri kiriya gihe. Gusa imibereho myiza niterambere ryubukungu birashobora gutera imbere. Nyuma y’ishyirwaho ry’Ubushinwa bushya, cyane cyane kuva ivugurura no gufungura, Ubushinwa bw’umusaruro n’urwego rwa tekiniki rw’ibirahure binini, ibirahuri bya buri munsi, fibre fibre na fibre optique byabaye ku isonga ry’isi.

Iterambere ryibirahure naryo rifitanye isano rya bugufi nibikenewe na societe, bizamura iterambere ryikirahure. Ikirahuri cyakoreshejwe cyane cyane nk'ibikoresho, kandi ibirahuri bibara igice kinini cyibisohoka. Nyamara, mu Bushinwa bwa kera, tekinoroji yo gukora ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa ceramic yateye imbere ugereranije, ubuziranenge bwari bwiza, kandi gukoresha byari byiza. Ntibyari nkenerwa cyane guteza imbere ibirahuri bitamenyerewe, kugirango ikirahure kigume mumitako yigana imitako nubuhanzi, bityo bigira ingaruka kumikurire rusange yikirahure; Nyamara, mu burengerazuba, abantu bashishikajwe no kubona ibirahuri bibonerana, divayi n'ibindi bikoresho, biteza imbere iterambere ry'ibirahure. Muri icyo gihe, mugihe cyo gukoresha ibirahuri mugukora ibikoresho bya optique nibikoresho bya chimique muburengerazuba kugirango biteze imbere siyanse yubushakashatsi, uruganda rukora ibirahuri mubushinwa ruri murwego rwa "jade nka" kandi biragoye kwinjira mubwami bwa siyanse.

Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga, icyifuzo cyubwinshi nubwinshi bwibirahure bikomeje kwiyongera, kandi ubwiza, ubwizerwe nigiciro cyikirahure nabyo biragenda bihabwa agaciro. Gukenera ingufu, ibinyabuzima n’ibidukikije ku kirahure biragenda byihutirwa. Ikirahure gisabwa kugira imirimo myinshi, gushingira cyane kubutunzi n'ingufu, no kugabanya umwanda wangiza no kwangiza.

Ukurikije amahame yavuzwe haruguru, iterambere ryikirahuri rigomba gukurikiza amategeko yigitekerezo cyiterambere ryubumenyi, kandi iterambere ryicyatsi nubukungu buke bwa karubone buri gihe icyerekezo cyiterambere cyikirahure. Nubwo ibisabwa byiterambere ryicyatsi bitandukanye mubyiciro bitandukanye byamateka, icyerekezo rusange ni kimwe. Mbere y’impinduramatwara mu nganda, ibiti byakoreshwaga nka lisansi mu gukora ibirahure. Amashyamba yaraciwe kandi ibidukikije birangirika; Mu kinyejana cya 17, Ubwongereza bwabujije gukoresha inkwi, bityo hakoreshwa itanura rikoreshwa mu makara. Mu kinyejana cya 19, hashyizweho itanura rya tanki ya regenerator; Itanura ryo gushonga amashanyarazi ryakozwe mu kinyejana cya 20; Mu kinyejana cya 21, hari inzira iganisha ku gushonga kudasanzwe, ni ukuvuga, aho gukoresha itanura gakondo hamwe n’umusaraba, gushonga mu buryo bwa moderi, gushonga mu mazi, gushonga kwa vacuum no gushonga ingufu nyinshi za plasma. Muri byo, gushonga modular, gusobanura vacuum no gushonga plasma byageragejwe mubikorwa.

Gushonga muburyo bwa moderi bikorwa hashingiwe kubikorwa byo gushyushya ibyiciro imbere y’itanura mu kinyejana cya 20, bishobora kuzigama 6.5% bya lisansi. Mu 2004, isosiyete ya Owens Illinois yakoze ikizamini cy'umusaruro. Ingufu zikoreshwa muburyo bwa gakondo bwo gushonga zari 7.5mj / kga, mugihe ubwo buryo bwo gushonga module bwari 5mu / KGA, bizigama 33.3%.

Kubijyanye no gusobanura vacuum, yakozwe mu itanura rinini rya t / D 20 rito, rishobora kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushonga no gusobanurwa hafi 30%. Hashingiwe kubisobanuro bya vacuum, hashyizweho sisitemu yo gushonga ibisekuru (NGMS).

Mu 1994, Ubwongereza bwatangiye gukoresha plasma mugupima ibirahure. Mu 2003, ishyirahamwe ry’ingufu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’inganda zakoze ibirahure byakoze plasma ishonga E ikirahure, fibre fibre ntoya itanura itanura, bizigama ingufu zirenga 40%. Ikigo cy’Ubuyapani gishinzwe guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu nganda nacyo cyateguye Asahi nitko na kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Tokiyo kugira ngo bafatanye gushinga itanura rya 1 T / D. Ikirahuri cyashongeshejwe muguhaguruka na radiyo yumurongo wa induction plasma. Igihe cyo gushonga ni 2 ~ 3 h gusa, kandi ingufu zose zikoreshwa mubirahuri byuzuye ni 5.75 MJ / kg.

Muri 2008, Xunzi yakoze ikizamini cyo kwagura ibirahuri bya soda 100t, igihe cyo gushonga cyaragabanutse kugera kuri 1/10 cyumwimerere, gukoresha ingufu byagabanutseho 50%, Co, oya, ibyuka bihumanya byagabanutseho 50%. Uruganda rushya rw’ingufu mu Buyapani (NEDO) ikigo cy’iterambere ry’iterambere rirateganya gukoresha itanura rya 1t soda lime yipimisha mu gutunganya, gushonga mu ndege hamwe n’ibikorwa byo gusobanura vacuum, kandi irateganya kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zashonga kugeza ku kirahuri 3767kj / kg muri 2012.