Gusya kw'ikirahure

Gukora ibirahuri ni ugushushanya no gushushanya ibicuruzwa by'ibirahure hamwe n'imashini zitandukanye zo gusya. Mubitabo bimwe, byitwa "gukurikira gukata" no "gushushanya". Umwanditsi atekereza ko ari byiza gukoresha gusya kugirango ube, kuko byerekana imikorere yo gusya ibiziga, kugirango bigaragaze itandukaniro ryubwoko bwose bwicyuma kibajwe mubuhanzi nubukorikori gakondo; Urwego rwo gusya no gushushanya ni rugari, harimo gushushanya no gushushanya. Gusya no gushushanya ku kirahure birashobora kugabanywa muburyo bukurikira:

(1) Gushushanya indege (gushushanya) gushushanya ibirahuri kugirango ubone ibishushanyo bitandukanye byitwa gushushanya. Ugereranije n’ibice bitatu, indege ishushanyije hano ntabwo byanze bikunze yerekeza ku ndege ifite ikirahure kiringaniye nkibanze, harimo vase itandukanye yikirahure yagoramye, imidari, inzibutso, imurikagurisha, nibindi, ariko cyane cyane yerekeza kubice bibiri byerekana imiterere, Benshi cy'ikirahure gisennye ni ugukora indege.

. Igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana ubutabazi bivuga ubutabazi ko igipimo cyubunini bwishusho imwe nuburinganire bwikintu nyacyo kuva kumurongo wimyanya kugeza hejuru yubutabazi ni 1/10; Ubutabazi buhanitse bivuga ubutabazi aho ikigereranyo cyubunini bwishusho imwe nuburinganire bwikintu nyacyo kuva kumurongo wikibanza kugera hejuru yubutabazi burenze 2 / 5. Ubutabazi burakwiriye kurebwa kuruhande rumwe.

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(5) Kubaza kumurongo bivuga gushushanya hejuru yikirahure hamwe n'umurongo wa Yin cyangwa umurongo wa Yang nkuburyo nyamukuru. Biragoye gutandukanya byimazeyo gushushanya umurongo no gushushanya indege.

(6) Gufungura bivuga kuruhuka gusohoka mu kirahure. Urashobora kubona ibibera inyuma yubutabazi buva imbere unyuze hasi.

Bitewe nigihe kinini cyo gushushanya ibirahuri bizengurutswe, igice cyizengurutswe hamwe no gufungura imirimo, ikirahuri gikunze kubanza kubamo akajagari, hanyuma kigahinduka hasi. Ibi ahanini nibikorwa byubuhanzi. Umusaruro usanzwe ni umurongo wo gushushanya, gutabara no gukora indege yibirahure.

Gukora ibirahuri bifite amateka maremare. Mu kinyejana cya 7 mbere ya Yesu, ibintu by'ibirahure bisize byagaragaye muri Mezopotamiya, no mu Buperesi kuva mu kinyejana cya 7 mbere ya Yesu kugeza mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yesu, ibishushanyo bya lotus byari byanditseho hepfo y'ibirahure. Mugihe cya Achaemenid yo muri Egiputa muri 50 mbere ya Yesu, umusaruro wibirahure byubutaka byari byiza cyane. Mu kinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu, abaturage b'Abaroma bakoresheje uruziga babaza ibicuruzwa by'ibirahure. Kuva kuri 700 kugeza 1400, abakora ibirahuri bya kisilamu bakoresheje tekinoroji enye yo gushushanya no gutabara mugutunganya hejuru yikirahure no gukora ibirahure byubutabazi. Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 17, Ravenscroft, Umwongereza, hasi kandi yanditseho ikirahure cyiza. Kubera igipimo cyinshi cyo kwangirika no gutatana, hamwe no gukorera mu mucyo mwiza, ikirahure cya kirisiti ikora ikirahure nyuma yo gusya. Ubu bwoko bwibice byinshi byongera cyane ingaruka zo kugabanya ikirahure kandi bigatanga urumuri rwerekezo rwinshi hejuru yikirahure, bigatuma ibicuruzwa byibirahure birushaho gukorera mu mucyo no kumurika, kandi bigahindura ibyiyumvo byuburanga byibirahure, Ba a ubwoko butandukanye bwibirahure, aribyo gusya no gushushanya ibicuruzwa byibirahure. Kuva mu 1729 kugeza 1851, uruganda rwa Waterford muri Irilande narwo rwateje imbere ikirahuri cyo mu kirahure cya kirisiti, cyatumaga ikirahure cya kirahure cya Waterford kizwi cyane ku rukuta rwinshi rwa geometrike. Yashinzwe mu 1765 mu ruganda rw’ibirahure rwa baccarat, mu Bufaransa, ikirahure cya kirisiti cyasekuwe cyakozwe nacyo ni kimwe mu kirahure cyiza gisya mu Burayi, cyitwa ikirahuri cyitwa baccarat kandi nacyo gisobanurwa nkikirahure cya baccarat. Hariho kandi Swarovski na Bohemia basya ibirahuri bya kirisiti, nk'umupira wo gusya wa Swarovski, ucibwa hanyuma ugahinduka hasi ku mpande 224. Umucyo ugaragarira hejuru yimbere yimpande nyinshi kandi ugahinduka kuva kumpande. Izi mpande nu mfuruka nazo zikora nka prism kandi igice cyangirika igice cyera cyera mo irindwi iridescence, cyerekana ubwiza buhebuje. Mubyongeyeho, ikirahuri cyubutaka cya orefors entreprise muri Suwede nacyo cyiza.

Inzira yo gusya ibirahuri no gushushanya birashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: gushushanya no gushushanya.

Gushushanya ibirahuri

Ikirahure cyanditseho ni ubwoko bwibicuruzwa bikoresha uruziga ruzunguruka hamwe nuruziga rwangiza cyangwa emery kugirango wongere amazi kugirango indege yikirahure mubishushanyo.

Ubwoko bw'ikirahure

Ukurikije tekinoroji yo gutunganya ningaruka, indabyo yikirahure irashobora kugabanywamo ibice byo gutema no gutema ibyatsi.

. ., ubusanzwe ikubiyemo inzira eshatu: gusya bikabije, gusya neza no gusya.

Bitewe no kugabanya ibikoresho, ibice byibanze byurugero rwuruziga ni ingingo yumuzingi, umunwa utyaye (ikigage kigufi cyimbuto ku mpande zombi), akabari nini (umwobo muremure muremure), silik, gukosora hejuru, nibindi nyuma yo koroshya no guhindura ibintu, inyamaswa, indabyo n'ibimera birashobora kwerekanwa. Ibiranga ibi bice byibanze nibi bikurikira ：

Utudomo dushobora kugabanywamo uruziga rwuzuye, uruziga na ellipse. Ubwoko bwose bwududomo burashobora gukoreshwa wenyine, guhuzwa no guhurizwa hamwe. Ugereranije numunwa utyaye, birashobora kongera impinduka.

Jiankou Jiankou igabanijwemo ubwoko bubiri, ahanini muburyo bwo guhuza. Uburyo rusange bwo guhuza ni Baijie, rouzhuan, fantou, indabyo, urubura n'ibindi. Baijie irashobora kubyara Baijie idasanzwe, Baijie yuzuye, Baijie y'imbere nibindi, kandi impinduka nyinshi zirashobora kugaragara mugihe umubare wa Baijie utandukanye. Ibishushanyo hamwe niminwa ikarishye ikoreshwa nkumubiri nyamukuru muburyo bwo gushushanya.

K Silk ni ubwoko bworoshye kandi butagaragara. Imiterere itandukanye yubudodo iha abantu ibyiyumvo byoroshye kandi byoroshye mugushushanya imodoka

Icyerekezo numubare utandukanye wubudodo buvanze hamwe, bushobora kwerekana uburebure bunini nkimiterere y amabuye y'agaciro na chrysanthemum, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 18-41

④ Utubari twinshi kandi twimbitse. Utubari twagoramye kandi tugororotse. Imirongo igororotse iroroshye kandi nziza. Utubari dukoreshwa cyane cyane kugabanya umwanya no gukora skeleton. Kuvunika ibirahuri ahanini bigerwaho nabo.

Umunwa, epfo na ruguru y'ibikoresho, hamwe n’ahantu bigoye gukora uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya ibintu, mubisanzwe bivurwa nubuso bwuruhande.

Binyuze mu guhuza no guhindura ibintu, ibintu bitanu byavuzwe haruguru birashobora kwerekana inyamaswa, indabyo n'ibimera, bityo bigakora ibishusho byinshi.

Amategeko atandukanye agomba gukoreshwa neza mugushushanya impande zombi, kandi umurongo wimbaraga kandi ukomeye ugomba kugereranwa nijisho ryoroshye. Tugomba kwitondera impinduka zubuso bwibice byumurongo munini, ntabwo ari monotonous nka chessboard. Imiterere yumurongo munini igomba kuba yuzuye neza, kugirango wirinde akajagari. Turashobora kandi gukoresha itandukaniro riri hagati yumucyo na matte, bifatika kandi bidasobanutse kugirango turusheho kunezeza icyitegererezo.

Ihame rihuriweho ningirakamaro kimwe mugushushanya ibishushanyo mbonera. Ibintu bitandukanye byo gushushanya ntibigomba gukoreshwa cyane kandi bitandukanye cyane, ni ukuvuga, ibintu nkududomo n'amaso yimibare ntibigomba gushyirwa hamwe. Niba imiterere yibiziga nicyitegererezo nyamukuru, izindi ngero zigomba kuba mumwanya wumutego. Ibicuruzwa bimwe byo hanze byerekana ibirahuri bikoresha ubwoko bumwe gusa bwibintu kugirango bibe utudomo. Mu ijambo, igishushanyo mbonera cyikirahure cyanditseho ikirahure kigomba gutekereza ku itegeko ryo gutandukanya ubumwe, ni ukuvuga gushaka ubumwe butandukanye no guhuza itandukaniro mubumwe. Gusa murubu buryo birashobora kuba byiza kandi karemano nta kajagari, guhuza no guhagarara nta monotony.