Intiti mu gihugu no mu mahanga zifite ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku nkomoko y'ibirahure mu Bushinwa. Imwe ni theorie yo kwirema, indi ni theorie yamahanga. Ukurikije itandukaniro riri hagati yimiterere nubuhanga bwo gukora ibirahuri kuva ku ngoma y’iburengerazuba ya Zhou yavumbuwe mu Bushinwa ndetse no mu burengerazuba, kandi urebye uburyo bwiza bwo gushonga feri ya farashi n’ibikoresho bya bronze muri kiriya gihe, igitekerezo cyo kwikunda ibyaremwe bivuga ko ikirahuri mu Bushinwa cyahinduwe kiva mu mwimerere wa feri ya farashi, hamwe n ivu ry’ibimera nka flux, kandi ibirahuri ni sisitemu ya alkali calcium silicatike, Ibiri muri oxyde ya potasiyumu biruta ibya oxyde ya sodium, itandukanye n’iya Babuloni ya kera na Egiputa. Nyuma, okiside ya okiside ivuye mu gukora umuringa na alchemy yinjijwe mu kirahure kugirango ikore ibintu bidasanzwe bya sisitemu ya bariyumu. Ibi byose byerekana ko Ubushinwa bushobora kuba bwarakoze ibirahuri byonyine. Indi ngingo ni uko ikirahure cya kera cyabashinwa cyatanzwe giturutse iburengerazuba. Iperereza rirenzeho no kunoza ibimenyetso birakenewe.
Kuva mu 1660 mbere ya Yesu kugeza mu 1046 mbere ya Yesu, tekinoroji ya farumasi yambere hamwe na tekinoroji yo gushonga umuringa byagaragaye mu ngoma ya Shang. Ubushyuhe bwo gucana bwa farashi yambere hamwe nubushyuhe bwa bronze byari hafi 1000C. Ubu bwoko bw'itanura burashobora gukoreshwa mugutegura umucanga wa glaze n'umucanga w'ikirahure. Hagati y’ingoma y’iburengerazuba ya Zhou, hakozwe amasaro yumucanga hamwe nigituba byakozwe nkigana jade.
Ubwinshi bwamasaro yumusenyi usize yakozwe mugihe cyambere cyimpeshyi nigihe cyizuba cyarenze icy'ingoma yuburengerazuba bwa Zhou, kandi urwego rwa tekiniki narwo rwazamutse. Amashapure amwe yometseho asanzwe yari murwego rwumucanga wikirahure. Mugihe cyibihugu byintambara, ibicuruzwa byibanze byikirahure byashoboraga gukorwa. Ibice bitatu by'ibirahure by'ubururu byacukuwe ku nkota ya Fu Chai, umwami wa Wu (495-473 mbere ya Yesu), hamwe n'ibice bibiri by'ikirahuri cy'ubururu cyacukuwe ku nkota ya Gou Jian, umwami wa Yue (496-464 mbere ya Yesu), umwami wa Chu, mu Ntara ya Hubei, arashobora gukoreshwa nk'ibimenyetso. Ibice bibiri byikirahure hejuru yinkota ya Gou Jian byakozwe nabantu ba Chu hagati yigihe cyibihugu byintambara basuka uburyo; Ikirahure kiri ku nkota ya Fucha gifite umucyo mwinshi kandi kigizwe na calcium silikate. Ion z'umuringa zikora ubururu. Yakozwe kandi mugihe cyibihugu birwana.
Mu myaka ya za 70, isaro ry'ikirahure ryometseho ikirahuri cya soda (ijisho rya Dragonfly) ryabonetse mu mva y'umudamu Fucha, umwami wa Wu mu Ntara ya Henan. Ibigize, imiterere n'imitako yikirahure bisa nibicuruzwa byibirahure byo muri Aziya yuburengerazuba. Intiti zo mu rugo zemeza ko zatangijwe mu Burengerazuba. Kubera ko icyo gihe Wu na Yue byari uturere two ku nkombe, ibirahuri byashoboraga kwinjizwa mu Bushinwa mu nyanja. Dukurikije uko kwigana ibirahuri jade Bi yacukuwe mu yandi mva mato mato mato mato mu gihe cy’ibihugu by’intambara na pingminji, dushobora kubona ko ibirahuri byinshi byakoreshwaga mu gusimbuza ibikoresho bya jade muri kiriya gihe, byateje imbere iterambere ry’iterambere inganda zikora ibirahuri muri leta ya Chu. Hano hari byibuze ubwoko bubiri bwumucanga wa glaze wacukuwe mu mva ya Chu i Changsha na Jiangling, bisa n'umusenyi wa glaze wacukuwe mu mva ya Western Zhou. Bashobora kugabanywa muri sisitemu ya siok2o, SiO2 - Cao) - Na2O sisitemu, SiO2 - PbO Bao na SiO2 - PbO - Bao - Na2O. Twakwemeza ko ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibirahuri bya Chu ryateye imbere hashingiwe ku ngoma ya Western Zhou. Mbere ya byose, ikoresha sisitemu zitandukanye zo guhimba, nka sisitemu yo guhimba ibirahuri bya sisitemu, intiti zimwe zemeza ko iyi ari uburyo bwo guhimba mubushinwa. Icya kabiri, muburyo bwo gukora ibirahure, usibye uburyo bwibanze bwo gucumura, yanateje imbere uburyo bwo kubumba uhereye kubumba ryibumba ryakozwe numuringa, kugirango habeho urukuta rwikirahure, umutwe winkota yikirahure, icyuma cyikirahure cyamamare, isahani yikirahure, amaherena yikirahure n'ibindi.
Mugihe cya Bronze mugihe cyigihugu cyacu, uburyo bwo guta dewaxing bwakoreshwaga mu gukora bronzes. Kubwibyo, birashoboka gukoresha ubu buryo kugirango ukore ibicuruzwa byibirahure bifite imiterere igoye. Inyamaswa y'ibirahure yacukuwe mu mva y'Umwami Chu i beidongshan, Xuzhou, yerekana ko bishoboka.
Duhereye ku bigize ibirahuri, ikoranabuhanga mu gukora ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa byigana, dushobora kubona ko Chu yagize uruhare runini mu mateka yo gukora ibirahure bya kera.
Ikiringo kuva mu kinjana ca 3 BGC gushika mu kinjana ca 6 BGC ni Ingoma ya Han yo mu Burengero, Ingoma ya Han y'iburasirazuba, Wei Jin hamwe n'Ingoma yo mu bumanuko no mu Buraruko. Ibirahuri by'icyatsi kibisi bya zeru n'ibikombe by'amatwi byacukuwe mu Ntara ya Hebei mu gihe cy'ingoma ya mbere y’iburengerazuba bwa Han (nko mu 113 mbere ya Yesu) byakozwe mu kubumba. Ibirahure, inyamaswa z'ibirahure n'ibice by'ibirahure biva mu mva y'umwami wa Chu mu ngoma ya Han y'iburengerazuba (128 mbere ya Yesu) byacukuwe i Xuzhou, mu Ntara ya Jiangsu. Ikirahuri nicyatsi kandi gikozwe mubirahuri bya barium. Ifite ibara rya oxyde y'umuringa. Ikirahuri nticyoroshye kubera kristu.
Abacukuzi b'ivya kera bavumbuye amacumu y'ibirahure n'imyenda y'ibirahure bivuye mu mva zo mu ngoma ya Han Han yo hagati na nyuma yaho. Ubucucike bwicumu ryubururu bwerurutse bwikirahure burenze ubw'ikirahuri cyitwa barium ikirahure, gisa nicy'ikirahuri cya soda, bityo rero kigomba kuba muri sisitemu yo guhimba ibirahuri bya soda. Abantu bamwe batekereza ko yatangijwe kuva iburengerazuba, ariko imiterere yayo isa cyane niy'icumu ry'umuringa ryacukuwe mu tundi turere two mu Bushinwa. Bamwe mu bahanga mu mateka y'ibirahure batekereza ko bishobora gukorwa mu Bushinwa. Ibirahuri Yuyi bikozwe mu kirahuri cya barium ikirahure, cyoroshye, kandi kibumbabumbwe.
Ingoma ya Han Han yuburengerazuba nayo yakoze 1.9kg yijimye yubururu bwijimye bwikirahure hamwe na 9.5cm z'ubunini × Byombi nibiyobora ibirahuri bya silike. Ibi byerekana ko gukora ibirahuri mu ngoma ya Han byateye imbere buhoro buhoro biva mu mitako bigera ku bicuruzwa bifatika nk'ikirahure kibase, kandi byari byarashyizwe ku nyubako zo kumanywa.
Intiti z'Abayapani zavuze ko ibicuruzwa by'ibirahure byavumbuwe i Kyushu, mu Buyapani. Ibigize ibirahuri ahanini ni bimwe n’ibicuruzwa byayobora ibirahuri bya ibirahuri byo muri leta ya Chu mu bihe by’intambara ndetse n’ingoma ya mbere y’iburengerazuba bwa Han; Byongeye kandi, ibipimo bya isotope bigereranya amasaro y'ibirahuri yacukuwe mu Buyapani ni kimwe n'ibyacukuwe mu Bushinwa mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Han na mbere y'ingoma ya Han. Ikirahuri cya barium ni sisitemu idasanzwe yo guhimba mubushinwa bwa kera, ishobora kwerekana ko ibirahuri byoherejwe mubushinwa. Abacukuzi b'Abashinwa n'Abayapani bagaragaje kandi ko Ubuyapani bwakoze ibirahuri bya gouyu n'ibirahuri by'ibirahuri bifite ibiranga Ubuyapani hakoreshejwe ibirahuri hamwe n'ibirahuri byoherejwe mu Bushinwa, byerekana ko hari ubucuruzi bw'ikirahure hagati y'Ubushinwa n'Ubuyapani ku ngoma ya Han. Ubushinwa bwohereje ibicuruzwa by’ibirahure mu Buyapani kimwe n’ibirahure, ibirahuri n’ibindi bicuruzwa bitarangiye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-22-2021