Zvikanganiso zveGirazi

pfupiso

Kubva pakugadziriswa kwezvinhu, kugadzirira batch, kunyunguduka, kujekesa, homogenization, kutonhora, kuumba uye kucheka maitiro, kuparadzwa kweiyo process system kana kukanganisa kwemaitiro ekuvhiya kunoratidza kukanganisa kwakasiyana mundiro yekutanga yegirazi rakafuratirwa.

Kukanganisa kwegirazi rakatsetseka kunoderedza zvakanyanya kunaka kwegirazi, uye zvinotokanganisa zvakanyanya kuwedzera kuumbwa uye kugadzirisa kwegirazi, kana kukonzera kuwanda kwemarara. Kune marudzi mazhinji ekuremara mugirazi rakatsetseka uye zvikonzero zvawo. Maererano nekuremara kuripo mukati nekunze kwegirazi, inogona kukamurwa kuva zvikanganiso zvemukati uye zvikanganiso zvekuonekwa. Kukanganisa kwemukati kwegirazi kunonyanya kuvepo mumuviri wegirazi. Maererano nenyika dzavo dzakasiyana, vanogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu: mabhuru (gas inclusions), matombo (solid inclusions), mitsetse uye nodules (girazi inclusions). Kuremara kwechitarisiko kunonyanya kugadzirwa mukugadzira, annealing uye kucheka, kusanganisira optical deformation (tin spot), scratch (abrasion), kupera kwechiso kuremara (kumucheto kuputika, concave convex, kushaikwa angle), nezvimwe.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzekuremara, iyo nzira yekutsvagisa zvakare yakasiyana, kana paine chakakanganisika mugirazi, kazhinji inoda kupfuura.

Kuburikidza chete nekudzidza kwakabatana kwenzira dzinoverengeka tinogona kuita mutongo wakarurama. Pamusoro pekutsvaga zvikonzero, matanho akakodzera anofanira kutorwa

Inoshanda maitiro matanho ekudzivirira kukanganisa kunoramba kuchiitika.

Bubble

Mabhubhu mugirazi anooneka gasi inclusions, izvo zvisingangokanganisa kutaridzika kwemhando yezvigadzirwa zvegirazi, asi zvakare zvinokanganisa kujeka uye mechanical simba regirazi. Naizvozvo, imhando ye vitreous defect iyo iri nyore kukwezva kutarisa kwevanhu.

Hukuru hwebubble hunobva pazvikamu zvishoma zvegumi zve millimeter kusvika pamamirimita mashoma. Maererano nehukuru. Mabhuru anogona kukamurwa kuita grey bubbles (diameter SM) uye gasi (dhayamita> 0.8m), uye zvimiro zvavo zvakasiyana, kusanganisira spherical, graphical uye linear. Iyo deformation yemabhubhu inonyanya kukonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa. Mushonga wemakemikari emabhubhu akasiyana, uye kazhinji ane 2, N2, Co, CO2, SO2, hydrogen oxide uye gasi remvura.

Zvinoenderana nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvemabhuru, inogona kukamurwa kuita mabhuru ekutanga (batch residual bubbles), mabhuru echipiri, mabhuru ekunze emhepo, anofuratira uye mabhuru anokonzerwa nesimbi simbi uye zvichingodaro. Muchigadzirwa chekugadzira, pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvemabhubhu mune zvigadzirwa zvegirazi, uye mamiriro acho akaomarara. Kazhinji, mumatanho akasiyana ekunyunguduka, danho rekutanga nderekutonga rinhi uye kupi mabhubhu anogadzirwa, uyezve kudzidza izvo zvakabikwa, kunyunguduka uye kugadzira mamiriro, kuti uone zvikonzero zvekuumbwa kwavo, uye kutora. matanho anoenderana kugadzirisa iwo.

Kuongorora uye dombo (kubatanidzwa kwakasimba)

Dombo ndeye crystalline yakasimba kuiswa mumutumbi wegirazi. Icho chinokanganisa chinotyisa mumutumbi wegirazi, iyo inobata zvikuru kunaka kwegirazi. Izvo hazvisi kungokuvadza kutaridzika uye optical homogeneity yezvigadzirwa zvegirazi, asi zvakare inoderedza kukosha kwekushandisa kwezvigadzirwa. Icho chinhu chikuru chinokonzera kuputika uye kukuvara kwegirazi. Musiyano pakati peiyo coefficient yekuwedzera yedombo uye girazi rakapoteredza yakakosha, saka kushushikana kwenzvimbo, iyo inoderedza zvakanyanya simba remagetsi uye kugadzikana kwekupisa kwechigadzirwa, uye kunyange kuita kuti chigadzirwa chiputse pachayo. Kunyanya kana iyo coefficient yekuwedzera kwekupisa kwedombo iri pasi peiyo yegirazi yakatenderedza, iyo tensile kusagadzikana inoumbwa pane iyo interface yegirazi, uye radial cracks inowanzoonekwa. Muzvigadzirwa zvegirazi, matombo haawanzo kubvumidzwa kuvapo, saka tinofanira kuedza nepatinogona napo kuti tibvise. Kukura kwematombo hakusi kudiki, mamwe ane tsono semakwapa akanaka, uye mamwe anogona kunge akakura semazai kana zvidimbu. Mamwe acho anogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama kana girazi rinokudza, uye mamwe anogona kunyatsozivikanwa neoptical microscope kana kunyange electron microscope. Nekuti matombo anogara achisangana negirazi remvura, anowanzo kuperekedzwa nemanodule, mitsetse kana ripples.

Striation uye nodal kurwadziwa (girazi kuisirwa)

Iyo heterogeneous girazi inclusions mumuviri wegirazi inonzi girazi inclusions (mitsetse nemapfundo). Izvo zvinowanzoitika kukanganisa mugirazi inhomogeneity. Izvo zvakasiyana nemuviri wegirazi mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari uye zvimiro zvemuviri (refractive index, density, viscosity, kushushikana kwepamusoro, kuwedzera kwekupisa, simba remagetsi uye dzimwe nguva ruvara).

Nekuti striation uye nodule inobuda mumadhigirii akasiyana pamuviri we vitreous, iyo interface pakati pe striation uye nodule uye girazi haina kurongeka, ichiratidza kupindirana nekuda kwekuyerera kana physicochemical dissolution. Inogoverwa mukati megirazi kana pamusoro pegirazi. Mazhinji acho ane striated, mamwe ane mutsara kana fibrous, dzimwe nguva achibuda kunge chidimbu chekelp. Mimwe mitsetse yakanaka haionekwe neziso rakashama uye inogona kuwanikwa chete nekuongorora chiridzwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazvibvumirwi mune optical glass. Kune zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvakajairika, imwe dhigirii yekusafanana inogona kubvumidzwa pasina kukanganisa kuita kwavo. Nodule imhando yegirazi ine heterogeneous ine chimiro chekudonha uye chimiro chepakutanga. Mune zvigadzirwa, inoratidzika muchimiro chegranule, block kana chidimbu. Mitsetse uye arthralgia inogona kunge isina ruvara, yakasvibira kana yakasvibira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana.