Zvinoenderana neiyo nhoroondo yekuvandudza nhanho, girazi rinogona kukamurwa kuita girazi rekare, girazi rechinyakare, girazi nyowani uye yekupedzisira girazi.
(1) Munhau, girazi rekare rinowanzoreva nguva yeuranda. Munhoroondo yeChinese, girazi rekare rinosanganisirawo feudal society. Naizvozvo, girazi rekare rinowanzo reva girazi rakagadzirwa muQing Dynasty. Kunyangwe iri kuteedzerwa nhasi, inogona kungonzi girazi rekare, iro chairo fake regirazi rekare.
(2) Girasi yechinyakare imhando yezvigadzirwa zvegirazi uye zvigadzirwa, senge girazi regirazi, girazi rebhodhoro, girazi remudziyo, girazi reunyanzvi uye girazi rekushongedza, izvo zvinogadzirwa nekunyungudusa supercooling nzira nemaminerari echisikigo uye matombo semakuru emidziyo.
(3) Girazi idzva, rinozivikanwawo segirazi rinoshanda uye rakakosha girazi rinoshanda, imhando yegirazi iri pachena kuti rakasiyana negirazi rechinyakare mukuumbwa, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu mbishi, kugadzirisa, kuita uye kushandisa, uye ine mabasa chaiwo akadai sechiedza, magetsi, magnetism, kupisa, chemistry uye biochemistry. Iyo yakakwirira-tekinoroji yakadzika zvinhu ine akawanda marudzi, diki yekugadzira chiyero uye nekukurumidza kusimudzira, Senge optical yekuchengetedza girazi, matatu-dimensional waveguide girazi, spectral gomba rinopisa girazi uye zvichingodaro.
(4) Zvakaoma kupa tsanangudzo chaiyo yeramangwana regirazi. Inofanira kunge iri girazi rinogona kuvandudzwa mune ramangwana maererano nehutungamiri hwekuvandudzwa kwesayenzi kana kufungidzira kwekufungidzira.
Hazvina mhosva girazi rekare, girazi rechinyakare, girazi idzva kana remangwana girazi, zvese zvine kuwirirana kwavo uye humwe. Iwo ese ari amorphous solids ane girazi shanduko tembiricha maitiro. Zvisinei, unhu hunochinja nekufamba kwenguva, ndiko kuti, kune kusiyana kwechirevo uye kuwedzera munguva dzakasiyana-siyana: somuenzaniso, girazi idzva muzana remakore rechi20 richava girazi rekare muzana remakore rechi21; Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekuti magirazi ekeramics aive rudzi rutsva rwegirazi muma1950s uye 1960s, asi ikozvino yave yakawanda-yakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa uye zvekuvaka; Parizvino, photonic girazi chinhu chitsva chinoshanda chekutsvaga uye kugadzirwa kwekuyedza. Mumakore mashoma, inogona kunge yakashandiswa zvakanyanya girazi rechinyakare. Kubva pakuona kwekugadzirwa kwegirazi, yakanyatsobatana nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi panguva iyoyo. Kugadzikana kwemagariro chete uye kubudirira kwehupfumi kunogona kugadzirwa kwegirazi. Mushure mekuvambwa kweChina nyowani, kunyanya kubva pakuvandudzwa nekuvhurwa, kugona kweChina kugadzira uye tekinoroji yegirazi rakafuratirwa, girazi remazuva ese, girazi fiber uye optical fiber zvave kumberi kwenyika.
Kuvandudzwa kwegirazi kunoenderanawo zvakanyanya nezvido zvevanhu, izvo zvinosimudzira kukura kwegirazi. Girazi ragara richinyanya kushandiswa semidziyo, uye midziyo yegirazi inoverengera chikamu chikuru chekubuda kwegirazi. Nekudaro, muChina yekare, tekinoroji yekugadzira yeceramic ware yakagadziridzwa, mhando yaive nani, uye kushandiswa kwaive nyore. Zvakanga zvisingawanzodikanwa kugadzira midziyo yegirazi isina kujairika, kuitira kuti girazi rirambe riri mukutevedzera zvishongo uye hunyanzvi, zvichikanganisa kukura kwegirazi; Nekudaro, kumadokero, vanhu vanofarira magirazi egirazi, seti dzewaini uye zvimwe midziyo, izvo zvinosimudzira kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yegirazi. Panguva imwecheteyo, munguva yekushandisa girazi kugadzira zviridzwa zvemaziso uye makemikari zviridzwa kumadokero kusimudzira kusimukira kwesainzi yekuedza, kugadzira magirazi ekuChina kuri padanho re "jade senge" uye zvakaoma kupinda mumuzinda we. sainzi.
Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, kudiwa kwehuwandu uye kwakasiyana-siyana kwegirazi kunoramba kuchiwedzera, uye kunaka, kuvimbika uye mutengo wegirazi zviri kuwedzera kukosha. Iko kudiwa kwesimba, zvipenyu uye zvezvakatipoteredza zvegirazi zviri kuwedzera uye nekukasira. Girazi rinodiwa kuti rive nemabasa akawanda, kuvimba zvishoma nezviwanikwa nesimba, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nekukuvadzwa.
Zvinoenderana nemisimboti iri pamusoro, kukwidziridzwa kwegirazi kunofanirwa kutevedzera mutemo wekuvandudza kwesainzi pfungwa, uye kukura kwegirinhi uye yakaderera-kabhoni hupfumi inogara iri kutungamira kwegirazi. Kunyangwe izvo zvinodikanwa zvegirinhi kukura zvakasiyana mumatanho akasiyana enhoroondo, maitiro ese akafanana. Pamberi pekuchinja kwemaindasitiri, huni dzaishandiswa sehuni mukugadzirwa kwegirazi. Masango akatemwa uye mhoteredzo yakaparadzwa; Muzana ramakore rechi 17, Britain yakarambidza kushandiswa kwehuni, naizvozvo honi dzokubikisa dzemarasha dzakashandiswa. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, honi yeregenerator tank yakatangwa; Choto chekunyungudutsa chemagetsi chakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi20; Muzana ramakore rechi21, kune maitiro ekunyunguduka kusiri kwechinyakare, ndiko kuti, pachinzvimbo chekushandisa mavira echinyakare uye crucibles, modular kunyunguduka, kunyungudika kunopisa kunyungudika, kujekesa kwevacuum uye kunyungudika kwepamusoro-simba kweplasma kunoshandiswa. Pakati pavo, modular kunyungudika, vacuum kujekesa uye kunyunguduka kweplasma kwakaedzwa mukugadzirwa.
Modular kunyunguduka kunoitwa pahwaro hwekupisa batch process pamberi pevheni muzana ramakore rechi20, iyo inogona kuchengetedza 6.5% yemafuta. Muna 2004, kambani yeOwens Illinois yakaita bvunzo yekugadzira. Simba rekushandisa kwechinyakare nzira yekunyungudutsa yaive 7.5mj/kga, nepo iyo yemodule yekunyungudutsa yaive 5mu / KGA, ichichengetedza 33.3%.
Kana iri vacuum kujekeswa, yakagadzirwa mu20 t / D yepakati-saizi tank kiln, iyo inogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kwekunyunguduka uye kujekesa ne30%. Pahwaro hwekujekeswa kwevacuum, chizvarwa chinotevera melting system (NGMS) yakagadzwa.
Muna 1994, United Kingdom yakatanga kushandisa plasma bvunzo yekunyungudutsa girazi. Muna 2003, Dhipatimendi reUnited States resimba uye girazi indasitiri mubatanidzwa yakaita yakakwira-yakanyanya kunyungudutsa plasma E girazi, girazi faibha diki tangi yevira bvunzo, kuchengetedza anopfuura makumi mana muzana simba. YeJapan nyowani simba indasitiri yekuvandudza tekinoroji agency yakarongawo Asahi nitko neTokyo University yetekinoroji kuti vagadzire pamwe chete 1 T / D yekuyedza kiln. Iyo batch yegirazi inonyungudutswa mukubhururuka neredhiyo frequency induction plasma kudziyisa. Nguva yekunyunguduka ingori 2 ~ 3 h, uye yakazara simba rekushandisa kwegirazi rakapedzwa i5.75 MJ / kg.
Muna 2008, Xunzi akaita 100t soda lime girazi yekuwedzera bvunzo, nguva yekunyunguduka yakapfupikiswa kusvika 1/10 yepakutanga, kushandiswa kwesimba kwakaderedzwa ne50%, Co, aiwa, kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakaderedzwa ne50%. Indasitiri yemagetsi nyowani yeJapan (NEDO) tekinoroji yakawedzera kusimudzira agency inoronga kushandisa 1t soda lime girazi rekuyedza kiln yekuputira, mundege kunyunguduka pamwe chete neyakajeka yekujekesa maitiro, uye inoronga kudzikisa kunyunguduka kwesimba rekushandisa kusvika 3767kj / kg girazi muna 2012.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-22-2021