Kukuya Girazi

Girazi kuvezwa kuveza uye kuveza zvigadzirwa zvegirazi nemichina yekukuya. Mune mamwe mabhuku, inonzi "kutevera kucheka" uye "kunyora". Munyori anofunga kuti zvakanyatsoruramisa kushandisa kukuya kuveza, nokuti inosimbisa basa rekushandisa vhiri rekukuya, kuitira kuratidza mutsauko kubva kumarudzi ose ekuveza mapanga mumagariro echinyakare uye mhizha; Rudzi rwekukuya nekunyora rwakakura, kusanganisira kuveza nekunyora. Kukuya uye kunyora pagirazi kunogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi anotevera:

(1) Plane engraving (engraving) kunyora pagirazi kuti uwane mapatani akasiyana-siyana uye mapatani anonzi girazi engraving. Kuenzaniswa nemativi matatu-mativi, kuveza kwendege pano hakureve hazvo kune ndege ine girazi rakafuratira senheyo, kusanganisira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakomberedzwa mavhasi egirazi, menduru, zviyeuchidzo, zviratidziro, nezvimwewo, asi zvinonyanya kureva maviri-dimensional spatial mapatani, Zvizhinji. yegirazi rakakwenenzverwa kuvezwa kwendege.

(2) Chivezwa chekuyamura rudzi rwechigadzirwa chinoveza chifananidzo pamusoro pegirazi, chinogona kukamurwa kuita runyararo rusina kudzika (kutetepa kwemukati) uye kurerukirwa kwakanyanya. Shallow relief sculpture inoreva zororo rekuti reshiyo yemufananidzo mumwe ukobvu uye ukobvu hwechinhu chaicho kubva pamutsetse wenzvimbo kuenda kunzvimbo yekuyamura inenge 1/10; Kusununguka kwepamusoro kunoreva kusununguka uko reshiyo yeukobvu hwemufananidzo umwechete kune ukobvu hwechinhu chaicho kubva pamutsetse wenzvimbo kuenda kunzvimbo yekuyamura inodarika 2 / 5. Relief inokodzera kutarisa kune rimwe divi.

(3) Round sculpture imhando yegirazi sculpture isina kubatanidzwa kune chero kumashure uye inokodzera kukoshesa kwakawanda kwemakona, kusanganisira musoro, kuputika, muviri wese, boka uye mhuka mhando.

(4) Semicircle inoreva rudzi rwegirazi chivezwa chinoshandisa denderedzwa kuveza unyanzvi kuveza chikamu chikuru chinoda kuratidzwa, uye chinosiya chikamu chechipiri kuita hafu yeraundi kuveza.

(5) Mutsetse kuveza kunoreva kuveza pamusoro pegirazi neYin mutsetse kana Yang mutsetse sechimiro chikuru. Zvakaoma kunyatsosiyanisa mutsetse kuveza kubva ndege kuveza.

(6) Openwork inoreva kuzorora kwekuchera kunze kwegirazi pasi. Iwe unogona kuona mamiriro ekuseri kwekuyamura kubva kumberi kuburikidza nenzvimbo yepasi.

Nekuda kwekutora nguva kwegirazi kutenderedza kuveza, semi-denderedzwa kuveza uye openwork kuveza, girazi rinowanzotanga kuumbwa kuita roughcast, uye ipapo pasi uye yakavezwa. Aya kazhinji mabasa ehunyanzvi. Kugara kugadzirwa mutsara kuveza, kurerutsa uye ndege kuveza zvigadzirwa zvegirazi.

Kuveza magirazi kune nhoroondo refu. Muzana ramakore rechinomwe BC, zvinhu zvegirazi zvakakwenenzverwa zvakaonekwa muMesopotamia, uye muPersia kubva muzana ramakore rechinomwe BC kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 5 BC, mapatani elotus akanyorwa pasi pemahwendefa egirazi. Munguva yeAchaemenid nguva yeEgypt muna 50 BC, kugadzirwa kwegirazi revhu kwakabudirira zvikuru. Muzana ramakore rekutanga AD, vanhu vekuRoma vaishandisa gumbo kuveza zvigadzirwa zvegirazi. Kubva 700 kusvika 1400 ad, vashandi vegirazi vechiIslam vakashandisa tekinoroji ina yekunyora uye yekuyamura kugadzirisa pamusoro pegirazi nekugadzira girazi rekuyamura. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 17, Ravenscroft, murume wechiRungu, pasi uye akatemerwa girazi remhando yepamusoro. Nekuda kweiyo yakakwira refractive index uye kupararira, uye kujeka kwakanaka, lead girazi regirazi rinogadzira chikamu chakatsetseka mushure mekukuya. Rudzi urwu rwematanho akawanda anonatsiridza mhedzisiro yegirazi uye anoburitsa akawanda-directional mwenje refraction pamusoro pegirazi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvive pachena uye kupenya, uye inovandudza manzwiro ekunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvegirazi, Iva a zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa zvegirazi, zvinoti kukuya nekunyora zvigadzirwa zvegirazi. Kubva 1729 kusvika 1851, fekitori yeWaterford muIreland yakagadzirawo girazi regirazi regirazi repasi, iro rakaita kuti Waterford girazi regirazi rive nemukurumbira nekuda kwemadziro ayo gobvu uye yakadzika geometry. Yakavambwa muna 1765 mufekitori yegirazi yeBaccarat, France, girazi rekristaro rakakuyiwa rinogadzirwa zvakare rimwe regirazi rakakuiwa rakanakisa muEurope, iro rinonzi baccarat girazi uye zvakare rakashandurwa segirazi rebaccarat. Kune zvakare Swarovski neBohemia inokuya girazi rekristaro, senge Swarovski's grinding crystal ball, inochekwa nekugayiwa kuita 224 edges. Chiedza chinoratidzwa kubva mukati mepamusoro pemicheto yakawanda uye inodzorwa kubva kumativi uye makona. Aya macheto nemakona anoitawo semaprisms uye anobvisa zvishoma mwenje muchena kuita minomwe yemavara iridescence, ichiratidza kupenya kunoshamisa. Uye zvakare, girazi repasi reiyo orefors bhizinesi muSweden zvakare ndeyemhando yepamusoro.

Iyo nzira yegirazi yekukuya nekunyora inogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi maviri: engraving uye engraving.

Engraving yegirazi

Girazi rakavezwa imhando yechigadzirwa chinoshandisa vhiri rinotenderera uye abrasive kana emery vhiri kuwedzera mvura kuita kuti ndege yegirazi ive mapatani uye mapatani.

Mhando dzegirazi engraving

Zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye mhedzisiro, ruva regirazi rinogona kukamurwa kuita kumucheto kuveza uye kuveza uswa.

(1) Edge engraving (yakanaka kunyora, yakadzika engraving, inoshandura engraving) inokuya uye kuveza girazi pamusoro penzvimbo yakafara kana yeakona, uye inosanganisa mamwe mapatani nemapateni ane triangular grooves yezvakadzika zvakasiyana, senyeredzi, radial, polygon, nezvimwe. ., iyo inowanzobatanidza maitiro matatu: kugaya, kukuya uye kupukuta.

Nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kwezvishandiso, izvo zvakakosha zvepamupendero patani idenderedzwa poindi, muromo wakapinza (yakasimba pfupi tsanga bay kumagumo ese), hombe bhari (yakareba yakadzika groove), sirika, kururamisa kwepamusoro, nezvimwewo mushure mekurerutsa uye deformation, mhuka, maruva nemiti zvinogona kuratidzwa. Hunhu hwezvinhu izvi zvakakosha ndeidzi:

① Dots anogona kukamurwa kuita denderedzwa rakazara, semicircle uye ellipse. Ese marudzi emadotsi anogona kushandiswa ari ega, akasanganiswa uye akaunganidzwa. Kuenzaniswa nemuromo wakapinza, vanogona kuwedzera shanduko.

Jiankou Jiankou akakamurwa kuita marudzi maviri, ayo ari kunyanya muchimiro chemusanganiswa. Iwo akajairika emusanganiswa mapatani Baijie, rouzhuan, fantou, ruva, snowflake uye zvichingodaro. Baijie inogona kugadzira eccentric Baijie, hollow Baijie, yemukati Baijie zvichingodaro, uye shanduko zhinji dzinogona kuoneka kana huwandu hweBaijie hwasiyana. Iwo mapatani ane unopinza muromo musanganiswa anoshandiswa semuviri mukuru mupendero kuveza.

③ Sirika imhando yakatetepa uye isina kudzika groove chiratidzo. Zvimiro zvakasiyana zvesirika zvinopa vanhu kunzwa kwakapfava uye kwakapfava mukunyora kwemotokari

Mafambiro uye nhamba dzakasiyana dzesirika dzakarukwa pamwe chete, iyo inogona kuratidza yakakura kukwira senge gem chimiro uye chrysanthemum chimiro, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 18-41.

④ Mabhawa akakora uye akadzika grooves. Mazariro akakombama uye akatwasuka. Mazariro akatwasuka akatsetseka uye akanaka. Mabhawa anonyanya kushandiswa kupatsanura nzvimbo uye kugadzira skeleton. Iko refraction yegirazi inonyanya kuzivikanwa navo.

① Muromo, pasi uye pasi pemidziyo, uye nzvimbo dzinonetsa kuita yakanaka pateni kugadzirisa, dzinowanzo batwa nemupendero wepamusoro.

Kuburikidza nekusanganiswa uye deformation, zvinhu zvishanu zviri pamusoro zvinogona kuratidza mhuka, maruva nemiti, nekudaro kugadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwekuveza.

Mutemo wekusiyanisa unofanirwa kushandiswa zvizere mukugadzirwa kwepende yependero, uye bhari gobvu uye rine simba rinofanira kuenzaniswa neziso rakapfava. Isu tinofanirwa kutarisisa kune shanduko yechikamu chechikamu chebhawa hombe, kwete semonotonous sechessboard. Kurongeka kwebhari hombe kunofanirwa kuve kwakanyatso dense, kuitira kuti udzivise clutter. Isu tinogona zvakare kushandisa mutsauko pakati pekujeka uye matte, realistic uye abstract kuti tiwedzere kushongedza iyo pateni.

Nheyo yakabatana yakakosha zvakaenzana mukugadzirwa kwemapendero ekucheka kwemucheto. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushongedza hazvifanirwe kushandiswa zvakawandisa uye zvakanyanya kusanganisa, ndiko kuti, zvinhu zvakaita semadota uye maziso e arithmetic hazvifanirwe kunyorwa pamwechete. Kana chimiro chevhiri chiri sampuli huru, mamwe masampuli anofanira kunge ari munzvimbo yeriva. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvekuongorora zvekunze zvinoshandisa rudzi rumwe chete rwechinhu kugadzira madots. Mushoko, dhizaini yemagadzirirwo egirazi yakapedzwa yakavezwa inofanirwa kufunga nezve mutemo wekusiyanisa uye kubatana, ndiko kuti, kutsvaga kubatana mukusiyana uye kubatanidza kusiyana mukubatana. Nenzira iyi chete inogona kuve yakajeka uye yakasikwa isina kusagadzikana, inowirirana uye yakagadzikana isina monotony.