Nyanzvi dzekumba nekune dzimwe nyika dzine maonero akasiyana pamusoro pekwakabva girazi muChina. Imwe idzidziso yekuzvisika, uye imwe idzidziso yekune dzimwe nyika. Zvinoenderana nekusiyana pakati pekuumbwa uye kugadzira tekinoroji yegirazi kubva kuWestern Zhou Dynasty yakafukunurwa muChina neavo kumadokero, uye tichifunga nezve mamiriro akanaka ekunyunguduka kwepakutanga porcelain uye bronze ware panguva iyoyo, dzidziso yekuzvimiririra. kusikwa kunobata kuti girazi muChina rakavepo kubva kune yekutanga porcelain glaze, ine madota echirimwa seanoyerera, uye girazi rinoumbwa ialkali calcium silicate system, Zvirimo mu potassium. oxide yakakwirira kupfuura yesodium oxide, yakasiyana neyekare yeBhabhironi neEgypt. Gare gare, lead oxide kubva mukugadzira bhuronzi uye alchemy yakaunzwa mugirazi kuti igadzire yakakosha kuumbwa kwe lead barium silicate. Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti China inogona kunge yakagadzira girazi rega. Imwe pfungwa yekuona ndeyekuti girazi rekare reChinese rakatambidzwa kubva kuMadokero. Kumwe kuongorora nekuvandudzwa kwehumbowo kunodiwa.
Kubva 1660 BC kusvika 1046 BC, tekinoroji yekunyungudutsa yekare uye bhuronzi yakaonekwa munguva yekupedzisira Shang Dynasty. Kupisa tembiricha ye primitive porcelain uye tembiricha yekunyungudutsa yebronze yaive ingangoita 1000C. Mhando iyi yehuni inogona kushandiswa kugadzira jecha regirazi uye jecha regirazi. Pakati peWestern Zhou Dynasty, jecha rakapenya mabhero nemachubhu zvakaitwa sekutevedzera jade.
Huwandu hwemajecha akapenya akagadzirwa mukutanga kwechirimo uye Autumn nguva yaive yakawanda kupfuura iyo muWestern Zhou Dynasty, uye tekinoroji nhanho yakavandudzwa zvakare. Mamwe majecha akapenya aitove ejecha regirazi. Nenguva yeWarring States nguva, zvigadzirwa zvekutanga zvegirazi zvinogona kugadzirwa. Zvidimbu zvitatu zvegirazi rebhuruu zvakafukunurwa pabakatwa raFu Chai, mambo weWu (495-473 BC), uye zvidimbu zviviri zvegirazi rebhuruu rakafukunurwa pabakatwa nyaya yaGou Jian, mambo weYue (496-464 BC), mambo weChu, muHubei Province, inogona kushandiswa sehumbowo. Zvidimbu zviviri zvegirazi paGou Jian's bakatwa kesi yakagadzirwa neChu vanhu pakati peWarring States nguva nekudurura nzira; Girazi riri paFucha bakatwa kesi rine yakanyanya kujeka uye inoumbwa necalcium silicate. Ioni dzemhangura dzinoita bhuruu. Yakagadzirwa zvakare munguva yeWarring States.
Mumakore ekuma1970, girazi regirazi rakashongedzwa nesoda lime girazi (Dragonfly eye) rakawanikwa muguva raamai Fucha, mambo weWu mudunhu reHenan. Kuumbwa, chimiro uye kushongedzwa kwegirazi kwakafanana neaya eWestern Asia magirazi zvigadzirwa. Nyanzvi dzemudzimba dzinotenda kuti yakaunzwa kubva kuMadokero. Nekuti Wu neYue vaive nzvimbo dzemahombekombe panguva iyoyo, girazi raigona kupinzwa muChina negungwa. Zvinoenderana negirazi rekutevedzera jade Bi rakafukunurwa kubva kune mamwe makuva madiki uye epakati-kati munguva yeWarring States uye pingminji, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti yakawanda yegirazi yakashandiswa kutsiva jade ware panguva iyoyo, iyo yakasimudzira indasitiri yekugadzira magirazi mudunhu reChu. Kune angangoita marudzi maviri ejecha rejecha rakafukunurwa kubva kumakuva eChu muChangsha neJiangling, akafanana nejecha rinopenya rakafukunurwa kubva kumakuva ekuWestern Zhou. Vanogona kukamurwa kuva siok2o system, SiO2 - Cao) - Na2O system, SiO2 - PbO Bao system uye SiO2 - PbO - Bao - Na2O system. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti Chu vanhu girazi kugadzira tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa pahwaro hweWestern Zhou Dynasty. Chekutanga, inoshandisa akasiyana masisitimu ekuumbwa, senge lead barium glass composition system, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti iyi hunhu hwekuumba system muChina. Chechipiri, mune yekugadzira girazi nzira, kuwedzera kune yepakati sintering nzira, yakagadzirawo nzira yekuumba kubva kuvhu revhu rakakandwa nebhuronzi, kugadzira girazi madziro, girazi rebakatwa musoro, girazi munondo mukurumbira, ndiro yegirazi, mhete dzegirazi. zvichingoenda zvakadaro.
MuBronze Age yenyika yedu, nzira yekukanda dewaxing yakashandiswa kugadzira bronze. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kushandisa nzira iyi kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvegirazi nemhando dzakaoma. Chikara chegirazi chakafukunurwa kubva muguva raMambo Chu mubeidongshan, Xuzhou, chinoratidza mukana uyu.
Kubva pakuumbwa kwegirazi, tekinoroji yekugadzira uye kunaka kwekutevedzera zvigadzirwa zvejade, tinogona kuona kuti Chu yakaita basa rakakosha munhoroondo yekugadzira magirazi ekare.
Nguva kubva muzana ramakore rechitatu BC kusvika kuzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC iWestern Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Jin uye maodzanyemba neNorthern Dynasties. Iwo emerald green translucent glass cups and glass ear cups zvakafukunurwa muHebei Province mukutanga Western Han Dynasty (kumakore 113 BC) akaumbwa nekuumbwa. Magirazi, zvikara zvegirazi uye zvimedu zvegirazi kubva paguva ramambo weChu muWestern Han Dynasty (128 BC) zvakafukunurwa muXuzhou, Ruwa rweJiangsu. Girazi racho rakasvibira uye rakagadzirwa nelead barium glass. Iyo ine ruvara necopper oxide. Girazi rakajeka nekuda kwekristalllization.
Vanochera matongo vakawana mapfumo egirazi uye mbatya dzejade dzegirazi kubva kumakuva epakati nekupera kweWestern Han Dynasty. Kuwanda kwepfumo regirazi rakajeka rebhuruu rakajeka kupfuura iro regirazi rebarium, rakafanana negirazi resoda lime, saka rinofanira kunge riri resoda lime girazi rekugadzira system. Vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti yakatangwa kubva kumadokero, asi chimiro chayo chakafanana nepfumo rebhuronzi rakafukunurwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeChina. Dzimwe nyanzvi munhoroondo yegirazi dzinofunga kuti inogona kugadzirwa muChina. Girazi Yuyi mapiritsi akagadzirwa nelead barium glass, translucent, uye akaumbwa.
Iyo Western Han Dynasty yakagadzirawo 1.9kg yakasviba yebhuruu translucent zviyo girazi madziro uye 9.5cm muhukuru × Ose ari maviri ari lead barium silicate girazi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kugadzirwa kwemagirazi muHan Dynasty kwakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pazvishongedzo kuenda kune zvigadzirwa zvinoshanda segirazi rakatsetseka, uye yakaiswa pazvivakwa kuti zvivheneke masikati.
Nyanzvi dzeJapan dzakashuma zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvekutanga zvakafukunurwa muKyushu, Japan. Kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvakangofanana neiyo inotungamira barium girazi zvigadzirwa zveChu state munguva yeWarring States uye yekutanga Western Han Dynasty; Pamusoro pezvo, iyo lead isotope ratios yetubular girazi beads yakafukunurwa muJapan yakafanana neyakafukunurwa kuChina munguva yeHan Dynasty uye pamberi peHan Dynasty. Iyo inotungamira barium girazi yakasarudzika yekuumbwa sisitimu muChina yekare, iyo inogona kuratidza kuti magirazi aya akatengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kuChina. Nyanzvi dzekuchera matongo dzeChinese neJapan dzakaratidzawo kuti Japan yakagadzira girazi gouyu uye girazi chubhu zvishongo zvine maitiro echiJapan nekushandisa mabhuroko egirazi nemachubhu egirazi aitengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kuChina, zvichiratidza kuti pakanga paine kutengeserana kwegirazi pakati peChina neJapan muHan Dynasty. China yakatengesa zvigadzirwa zvegirazi kuJapan pamwe nemachubhu egirazi, mabhuroko egirazi uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-22-2021