Sistimi ea maemo
1 Maemo le litsamaiso tse emeng bakeng sa libotlolo tsa khalase
temana ea 52 ea Molao oa Tsamaiso ea Lithethefatsi oa Rephabliki ea Batho ea Chaena e re: "Lisebelisoa tsa ho paka le lijana tse amanang ka kotloloho le meriana li tlameha ho fihlela litlhoko tsa tšebeliso ea meriana le litekanyetso tsa polokeho." Temana ea 44 ea Melao ea Ts'ebetsong ea Molao oa Tsamaiso ea Lithethefatsi oa People's Republic of China e re: Mehato ea tsamaiso, lethathamo la lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa, le litlhoko tsa meriana le litekanyetso tsa lisebelisoa tsa ho paka tsa meriana le lijana li entsoe le ho hatisoa ke lefapha la taolo ea lithethefatsi la Lekhotla la Naha. . "Ho ea ka litlhoko tsa melao le melaoana e boletsoeng ka holimo, Tsamaiso ea Lithethefatsi ea Naha e hlophisitse ka lihlopha ho tloha 2002. E ile ea theha le ho fana ka litekanyetso tsa 113 bakeng sa lijana tsa ho paka tsa meriana (lisebelisoa) (ho kenyeletsoa litekanyetso tsa 2004 tse reriloeng tsa tokollo), ho kenyelletsa le litekanyetso tsa 43 tsa botlolo ea khalase ea meriana. lijana tsa ho paka (lisebelisoa), 'me palo ea litekanyetso e ne e le 38% ea kakaretso ea litekanyetso tsa metse ea ho paka. Boemo bo tloaelehileng bo akaretsa lijana tsa ho paka libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea ente joalo ka liente tsa phofo, liente tsa metsi, li-infusions, matlapa, lipilisi, lino tse tahang le lyophilized, liente, lihlahisoa tsa mali le mefuta e meng ea litekanyetso. Sistimi ea maemo a holimo ea botlolo ea khalase ea bongaka e batlang e le e felletseng e se e thehiloe qalong. Ho hlophisoa le ho lokolloa ha litekanyetso tsena, ho nkeloa sebaka ha libotlolo le linkho tsa likhalase tsa moriana, ntlafatso ea boleng ba sehlahisoa, netefatso ea boleng ba meriana, ho potlakisa ho hokahana le maemo a machabeng le mmaraka oa machabeng, kholiso le taolo ea batho ba phetseng hantle. , e hlophisehileng, le tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea khalase ea meriana ea Chaena , E na le moelelo le karolo ea bohlokoa.
Libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana ke lisebelisoa tsa ho paka tse amanang ka kotloloho le meriana. Ba nka karolo e kholo tšimong ea lisebelisoa tsa ho paka tsa meriana, 'me ba na le thepa le melemo e ke keng ea nkeloa sebaka. Litekanyetso tsa bona li na le phello ea bohlokoa ho boleng ba ho paka litlhare le nts'etsopele ea indasteri.
Sistimi ea meriana
2 Sistimi e emeng bakeng sa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa moriana
Ho ea ka litekanyetso tsa 'Muso oa Tsamaiso ea Lithethefatsi bakeng sa ho etsa thepa ea ho paka ea meriana e arotsoe ka thepa, thepa e le' ngoe (mefuta e fapaneng) le e le 'ngoe, ho na le litekanyetso tse 43 tsa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana tse fanoeng' me li lokela ho lokolloa. E arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo ho latela mofuta o tloaelehileng. Ho na le litekanyetso tsa lihlahisoa tse 23 sehlopheng sa pele, tseo tse 18 li fanoeng, 'me tse 5 li reriloe ho lokolloa ka 2004; Litekanyetso tse 17 tsa mofuta oa bobeli oa tlhahlobo, tseo tse 10 li lokollotsoeng, 'me tse 7 li reretsoe ho lokolloa ka 2004. Ho na le litekanyetso tse 3 tsa motheo tsa sehlopha sa boraro, 1 ea eona e hatisitsoe, 2 e tla lokolloa ka 2004. Ho na le mefuta e 23 ea litekanyetso tsa lihlahisoa sehlopheng sa pele, tse arotsoeng ka mefuta ea 8 ho ea ka mefuta ea lihlahisoa, ho akarelletsa le "Libotlolo tsa Ente tse Molded" 3 "Libotlolo tsa Ente tse laoloang" 3 "Libotlolo tsa Infusion ea Khalase" 3 "Libotlolo tsa Mold Meriana" 3 "Tube Lintho tse 3 tsa meriana tsa "Libotlolo", lintho tse 3 tsa "Libotlolo tsa Mokelikeli oa Molomo o laoloang", lintho tse 3 tsa "Ampoules" le lintho tse 3 tsa "Li-tubes tsa Meriana ea Khalase" (Hlokomela: Sehlahisoa sena ke sehlahisoa se felileng bakeng sa ho sebetsana le libotlolo tse fapaneng tsa taolo. li-ampoules).
Ho na le mefuta e meraro ea lisebelisoa tsa ho kopanya, ho kenyelletsa le lintho tse 8 tsa khalase ea borosilicate. Khalase ea borosilicate e kenyelletsa α = (4 ～ 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ～ 300 ℃) khalase e sa nke lehlakore le α = (3. 2 ~ 3. 4) × 10 (-6) K (- 1) (20 ~ 300 ° C) 3.3 khalase ea Borosilicate. Mofuta ona oa khalase o entsoe ka khalase ea machaba e sa nke lehlakore, eo hape e tsejoang ka hore ke khalase ea Sehlopha sa I kapa thepa ea Sehlopha sa A. Ho na le lintho tse 8 tsa khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate, 'me khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate ke α = (6.2 ho 7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ho 300 ℃). Mofuta ona oa lisebelisoa tsa khalase ke khalase e ikhethang ea China e ke keng ea lumellana le maemo a machaba. E boetse e bitsoa thepa ea Sehlopha sa B. Khalase ea soda-lime lintho tse 7, khalase ea soda-kalaka ke α = (7.6 ho 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ho isa ho 300 ℃), mofuta ona oa lisebelisoa tsa khalase hangata o senyeha, 'me bokaholimo bo hanana le metsi Ts'ebetso e fihla boemong ba 2.
Ho na le litekanyetso tse 17 tsa mofuta oa bobeli oa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo. Litekanyetso tsena tsa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ha e le hantle li koahela lintho tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo joalo ka ts'ebetso le matšoao a mefuta e fapaneng ea libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana. Haholo-holo, teko ea lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa khalase e ekelitse ts'ebetso e ncha ea ho hanyetsa metsi ho latela litekanyetso tsa ISO Ho lemoha ha alkali le ho hanyetsa acid ho fana ka mekhoa e mengata, e pharaletseng le ea saense bakeng sa ho khetholla botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale e le hore ho ka khoneha ho fetola lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng. libotlolo tsa khalase tsa moriana ho lithethefatsi tsa thepa e fapaneng le mefuta ea litekanyetso. Ho netefatsa boleng ba libotlolo tsa khalase ea meriana 'me kahoo boleng ba meriana bo tla phetha karolo ea bohlokoa. Ho phaella moo, mekhoa ea ho lemoha bakeng sa palo ea leaching ea lintho tse kotsi e ekelitsoe ho netefatsa polokeho ea libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana. Litekanyetso tsa mokhoa oa teko bakeng sa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa moriana li hloka ho tlatselletsoa hape. Mohlala, mokhoa oa teko oa ho hanyetsa li-ampoules tse hananang le alkali, mokhoa oa teko oa ho senya matla, le mokhoa oa teko oa ho hana ho hatsela le leqhoa kaofela li na le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa boleng le ts'ebeliso ea libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana.
Ho na le litekanyetso tse 3 tsa motheo sehlopheng sa boraro. Har'a bona, "Mekhoa ea ho Hlophisa le ea Teko ea Libotlolo tsa Khalase ea Bongaka" e bua ka ISO 12775-1997 "Mekhoa ea Khethollo le Tlhahlobo ea Khalase ka Tlhahiso e Tloaelehileng e Khōlō". Likarolo tsa sebopeho sa botlolo le litekanyetso tsa mokhoa oa liteko li na le tlhaloso e hlakileng ea ho khetholla lisebelisoa tsa khalase ho liindasteri tse ling. Melao e meng e 'meli ea mantlha e fokotsa likarolo tse kotsi tsa lisebelisoa tsa khalase, lead, cadmium, arsenic le antimony, ho netefatsa polokeho le katleho ea mefuta e fapaneng ea meriana.
Litšobotsi tsa libotlolo tsa meriana
3 Litšobotsi tsa maemo a botlolo ea khalase ea moriana
Tekanyetso ea botlolo ea khalase ea meriana ke lekala la bohlokoa la mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa lisebelisoa tsa ho paka tsa meriana. Kaha libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana li amana ka ho toba le meriana, 'me tse ling tsa tsona li hloka ho bolokoa nako e telele, boleng ba libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana bo amana ka ho toba le boleng ba meriana' me bo ama bophelo bo botle ba batho le polokeho. Ka hona, maemo a libotlolo tsa khalase tsa moriana o na le litlhoko tse ikhethang le tse thata, tse akaretsoang ka tsela e latelang:
E hlophisehile haholoanyane ebile e na le botlalo, e ntlafatsang khetho ea litekanyetso tsa sehlahisoa le ho hlola maemo a tlase ho lihlahisoa.
Sehlahisoa se ts'oanang se khetholloang ke litekanyetso tse ncha se ipapisitse le molao-motheo oa ho theha litekanyetso tse fapaneng tse thehiloeng ho lisebelisoa tse fapaneng, tse eketsang boholo ba maemo, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso le khetho ea litlhare tse fapaneng tse ncha le lithethefatsi tse khethehileng ho lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa khalase le ts'ebetso e fapaneng. dihlahiswa, le diphetoho Maemo ka kakaretso maemo a sehlahiswa salla morao ntshetsopele ya sehlahiswa.
Mohlala, har'a mefuta e 8 ea lihlahisoa tsa botlolo ea khalase ea moriana e koahetsoeng ke maemo a macha, boemo bo bong le bo bong ba sehlahisoa bo arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 3 ho latela thepa le ts'ebetso, sehlopha sa pele ke khalase ea borosilicate, sehlopha sa bobeli ke khalase e tlase ea borosilicate, 'me ea boraro. Sehlopha ke khalase ea soda ea lime. Le hoja sehlahisoa se itseng sa mofuta o itseng oa thepa ha se e-s'o hlahisoe, litekanyetso tsa mofuta ona oa sehlahisoa li hlahisitsoe, tse rarollang bothata ba ho lieha ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng. Mefuta e fapaneng ea lithethefatsi tse nang le limaraka tse fapaneng, thepa e fapaneng, ts'ebeliso e fapaneng le mefuta ea litekanyetso li na le maemo a bonolo le khetho e kholo bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa le litekanyetso.
E hlakisitse tlhaloso ea khalase ea borosilicate le khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate. Tekanyetso ea machaba ea ISO 4802. 1-1988 “Metsi a Resistance of Glassware le Glass Containers' Surfaces. Karolo ea 1: Boikemisetso le Khethollo ka Titration." Glass) e hlalosoa e le khalase e nang le 5 ho 13% (m / m) ea boron trioxide (B-2O-3), empa ISO 12775 "Sehlopha sa sebopeho sa khalase le mekhoa ea liteko bakeng sa tlhahiso e tloaelehileng ea boima" e fanoeng ka 1997 Tlhaloso ea borosilicate khalase (ho kenyeletsoa khalase e sa nke lehlakore) e na le boron trioxide (B-2O-3) e kholo ho feta 8% (m / m). Ho ea ka litekanyetso tsa machaba tsa 1997 bakeng sa melao-motheo ea likhalase, lisebelisoa tsa khalase tse ka bang 2% (m / m) tsa B-2O-3, tse 'nileng tsa sebelisoa haholo indastering ea botlolo ea khalase ea meriana ea Chaena ka lilemo tse ngata, ha ea lokela ho bitsoa. khalase ea borosilicate kapa khalase e sa jeleng paate. Teko e paka hore tse ling tsa likhalase tsa likhalase tse hanyetsanang le metsi le liteko tse ka hare tsa metsi a holim'a metsi a lisebelisoa tsena li hlōleha ho fihla ho Level 1 le HC1, kapa li pakeng tsa likhahla tsa Level 1 le Level 2. Boikoetliso bo boetse bo pakile hore e meng ea mefuta ena. ea khalase e tla ba le ho hloleha ho sa nke lehlakore kapa ho ebola ha ho sebelisoa, empa mofuta ona oa khalase o 'nile oa sebelisoa Chaena ka lilemo tse ngata. Tekanyetso e ncha e boloka mofuta ona oa khalase mme e totobatsa B-2O- Litaba tsa 3 li lokela ho fihlela litlhoko tsa 5-8% (m / m). Ho hlalositsoe ka ho hlaka hore mofuta ona oa khalase o ke ke oa bitsoa khalase ea borosilicate (kapa khalase e sa jeleng paate), 'me e bitsoa khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate.
Amohela litekanyetso tsa ISO ka mafolofolo. Litekanyetso tse ncha li tsamaellana le maemo a machaba. Litekanyetso tse ncha li bua ka litekanyetso tsa ISO le litekanyetso tsa indasteri le pharmacopoeia ea United States, Jeremane, Japane le linaha tse ling tse tsoetseng pele, 'me li kopanya maemo a sebele a indasteri ea botlolo ea khalase ea meriana ea Chaena ho tloha likarolong tse peli tsa mefuta ea khalase le lisebelisoa tsa khalase. Ho fihletsoe maemo a machaba.
Mefuta ea lisebelisoa tsa khalase: Ho na le mefuta ea 4 ea likhalase ka mokhoa o mocha, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta ea 2 ea khalase ea borosilicate, ho kenyelletsa le 3.3 khalase ea borosilicate [α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] Le 5.0 0 khalase e sa nke lehlakore [α = (4 ho 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1)], khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate [α = (6.2 ho 7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] Mofuta oa 1, khalase ea soda-kalaka [α = (7.6 ~ 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1)] Mofuta o le mong, kahoo ho na le mefuta e 4 ea khalase ka thepa.
Hobane khalase ea soda ea lime e kenyelletsa palo e kholo ea liphekolo tse sa sebetseng holim'a tlhahiso le ts'ebeliso ea 'nete, e arotsoe ka mefuta e 5 ho latela sehlahisoa. Mefuta e ka holimo e 4 ea likhalase le mefuta e 5 ea lihlahisoa tsa khalase e kenyelletsa maemo a machaba, US Pharmacopoeia le libotlolo tsa khalase tsa bongaka tse khethehileng tsa China. Ho feta moo, ho lihlahisoa tse 8 tse koahetsoeng ke maemo, ke li-ampoules feela tse hlahisitseng litekanyetso tse 2, "borosilicate glass ampoules" le "low borosilicate glass ampoules," le mofuta o le mong feela oa α = (4 ho 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ea 5.0 khalase ea borosilicate ntle le α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ea 3. 3 khalase ea borosilicate Ke haholo-holo hobane ha ho na sehlahisoa se joalo lefatšeng. , 'me ntlha e nolofatsang ea khalase ea borosilicate ea 3.3 e phahame, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho tiisa ampoule. Ha e le hantle, maemo a machaba a na le ampoule ea khalase ea borosilicate ea 5.0 feela, 'me ha ho na 3.3 borosilicate glass ampoule le soda-lime glass ampoule. Mabapi le li-ampoules tsa khalase tse tlaase tsa borosilicate tsa Chaena, li-ampoules tsa khalase tsa borosilicate tsa 5.0 ha li e-s'o thehe nako e itseng ea tlhahiso e kholo e tsitsitseng Chaena ka lebaka la mabaka a sa tšoaneng, 'me e ka sebelisoa feela e le sehlahisoa sa phetoho. Qetellong, khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate e ntse e lekanyelitsoe. Ampoule, hlahisa 5.0 borosilicate ampoule ea khalase ho finyella kopano e feletseng le litekanyetso tsa machaba le lihlahisoa kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang.
Ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa khalase: Coefficient ea katoloso ea mocheso α e boletsoeng maemong a macha, likhalase tse 3.3 tsa borosilicate le likhalase tse 5.0 tsa borosilicate li lumellana ka botlalo le litekanyetso tsa machabeng. Khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate e ikhetha ho Chaena, 'me ha ho na lisebelisoa tse joalo ka litekanyetso tsa machaba. Khalase ea soda-kalaka ISO e hlalosa α = (8 ～ 10) × 10 (-6) K (-1), 'me tekanyetso e ncha e hlalosa α = (7.6–9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) , Litsupa li thata ho feta litekanyetso tsa machaba. Boemong bo bocha, lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa khalase ea borosilicate ea 3.3, khalase ea borosilicate ea 5.0 le khalase ea soda-lime ka 121 ° C e lumellana le litekanyetso tsa machaba. Ho phaella moo, litlhoko tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa boron oxide (B-2O-3) ka mefuta e meraro ea likhalase li lumellana ka ho feletseng le litekanyetso tsa machaba.
Ts'ebetso ea sehlahisoa sa khalase: Ts'ebetso ea sehlahisoa e boletsoeng maemong a macha, ho hanyetsa metsi ka holim'a metsi, ho hanyetsa mocheso oa mocheso, le matšoao a ho hanyetsa khatello ea ka hare li lumellana le maemo a machaba. Lenane la khatello ea maikutlo ea ka hare ea standard ea ISO e bolela hore ampoule ke 50nm / mm, lihlahisoa tse ling ke 40nm / mm, 'me tekanyetso e ncha e bolela hore ampoule ke 40nm / mm, kahoo index ea khatello ea ka hare ea ampoule e phahame hanyenyane ho feta Tekanyetso ea ISO.
Kopo ea botlolo ea bongaka
Tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tsa botlolo ea khalase ea meriana
Lihlahisoa tse fapa-fapaneng le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng li theha tsamaiso e tloaelehileng ea li-cross-cuts, e fanang ka motheo le maemo a lekaneng bakeng sa lijana tsa khalase tsa saense, tse utloahalang le tse loketseng bakeng sa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea meriana. Khetho le ts'ebeliso ea litlhare tse fapaneng ka mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso, thepa e fapaneng le limaraka tse fapaneng bakeng sa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana li lokela ho latela melaoana e latelang:
Ho tsitsa ha lik'hemik'hale
Melao-motheo ea Botsitso ba Lik'hemik'hale e Molemo le e Loketseng
Setshelo sa khalase se sebelisetsoang ho tšoara mefuta eohle ea lithethefatsi se lokela ho lumellana hantle le lithethefatsi, ke hore, tlhahiso, polokelo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, thepa ea lik'hemik'hale ea sejana sa khalase ha ea lokela ho tsitsa, le lintho tse itseng pakeng tsa. ha lia lokela ho etsahala. Phapang kapa ho se sebetse hantle ha meriana ho bakoang ke ho kopana ha lik'hemik'hale. Ka mohlala, lijana tsa khalase tse entsoeng ka khalase ea borosilicate li tlameha ho khethoa bakeng sa meriana e phahameng e kang litokisetso tsa mali le liente, le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liente tse matla tsa asiti le metsi a alkali, haholo-holo litokisetso tse matla tsa ente ea metsi a alkaline, le tsona li lokela ho etsoa ka khalase ea borosilicate. . Li-ampoule tsa khalase tse tlaase tsa borosilicate tse sebelisoang haholo Chaena ha lia lokela ho ba le litokisetso tsa ente ea metsi. Lisebelisoa tse joalo tsa khalase li lokela ho fetoha butle-butle ho lisebelisoa tsa khalase tsa 5.0 e le hore li lumellane le litekanyetso tsa machaba kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ho netefatsa hore lithethefatsi tseo li nang le tsona ha li sebelisoe. Off-chip, eseng turbid, mme ha e senyehe.
Bakeng sa liente tsa phofo tse akaretsang, litokisetso tsa molomo le li-infusions tse kholo, tšebeliso ea khalase e tlaase ea borosilicate kapa khalase ea soda e sa sebetseng e ntse e ka finyella litlhoko tsa eona tsa botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale. Tekanyo ea ho bola ha meriana ho ea khalase hangata ke mokelikeli o moholo ho feta lintho tse tiileng 'me alkalinity e kholo ho feta acidity, haholo-holo liente tse matla tsa metsi a alkaline li na le litlhoko tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana.
E hanyetsanang le ho senyeha ha mocheso
Ho hanyetsa hantle ho fetoha ha mocheso ka potlako
Ha ho etsoa mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi, ho omisa mocheso o phahameng, sterilization kapa ho omisa mocheso o tlase oa mocheso ho hlokahala ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso, e hlokang hore sejana sa khalase se na le bokhoni bo botle le bo loketseng ba ho hanela liphetoho tsa tšohanyetso tsa mocheso ntle le ho phatloha. . Ho hanyetsa ha khalase ho fetoha ha mocheso ka potlako ho amana haholo le coefficient ea ho atolosoa ha mocheso. Ka tlase ho coefficient ea ho atolosoa ha mocheso, ho matlafala ha eona ho hanyetsa liphetoho tsa mocheso. Ka mohlala, litokisetso tse ngata tsa ente e phahameng, litokisetso tsa likokoana-hloko le litokisetso tsa lyophilized ka kakaretso li lokela ho sebelisa khalase ea borosilicate ea 3.3 kapa khalase ea 5.0 ea borosilicate. Ha likhalase tse ngata tse tlaase tsa borosilicate tse hlahisoang Chaena li fetoha ka potlako ho fapana ha mocheso, hangata li atisa ho phatloha le ho lihela libotlolo. Khalase ea China ea 3.3 ea borosilicate e na le tsoelo-pele e kholo, khalase ena e loketse ka ho khetheha bakeng sa litokisetso tsa lyophilized, hobane ho hanyetsa ha eona ho fetoha ha mocheso ka tšohanyetso ho molemo ho feta 5.0 khalase ea borosilicate.
Matla a mochine
Matla a sebetsang hantle le a loketseng
Lithethefatsi ka mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso li hloka ho mamella tekanyo e itseng ea khanyetso ea mochini nakong ea tlhahiso le lipalangoang. Matla a mochine oa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana le lijana ha li amane feela le sebōpeho sa botlolo, boholo ba geometri, ts'ebetso ea mocheso, joalo-joalo, empa hape le matla a mochine oa thepa ea khalase. Ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, matla a mochine oa khalase ea borosilicate e molemo ho feta ea khalase ea soda-kalaka.
Ho fana le ho kenya ts'ebetsong litekanyetso tse ncha tsa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa meriana hoa hlokahala ho theha tsamaiso e phethahetseng le ea saense ea maemo, ho potlakisa lebelo la ho kopanya le litekanyetso tsa machaba le limmaraka tsa machaba, le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba thepa ea ho paka ka meriana, ho netefatsa boleng ba meriana, ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea indasteri le khoebo ea machaba. E tla bapala karolo e ntle. Ehlile, joalo ka sistimi eohle e tloaelehileng ea lisebelisoa tsa ho paka tsa meriana, ho ntse ho na le litaba tse ngata tse hlokang ho ntlafatsoa, ho ntlafatsoa le ho phethahala tsamaisong ea pele ea libotlolo tsa likhalase tsa moriana, haholo ho ikamahanya le nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea meriana. le kopanyo ya mmaraka wa matjhaba. Kleima. Tlhamo, dikahare le matshwao a maemo, le hore na maemo a matjhaba a amohetswe ho isa boholeng bofe le ho tsamaellana le mmaraka wa matjhaba kaofela di hloka ditokiso le dikeketso tse nepahetseng nakong ya tokiso.
Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea botlolo ea khalase le tanka:
Mokhoa oa teko bakeng sa khatello ea kelello ea linkho tsa khalase: ASTM C 148-2000 (2006).
Nako ea poso: Dec-06-2019