Ngokwenqanaba lophuhliso lwembali, iglasi inokwahlulwa ibe yiglasi yakudala, iglasi yemveli, iglasi entsha kunye neglasi yexesha elizayo.
(1) Kwimbali yeglasi yamandulo, amaxesha amandulo ayedla ngokubhekisela kwixesha lobukhoboka. Kwimbali yaseTshayina, amaxesha amandulo aquka uluntu lwamaShiji. Ke ngoko, iglasi yakudala ibhekisa kwiglasi eyenziwe kwi-Qing Dynasty. Nangona iphinda ixeliswe namhlanje, inokubizwa kuphela iglasi eyophukileyo yakudala, eneneni iyinkohliso yeglasi yakudala.
I-2) Iglasi yendabuko luhlobo lwezixhobo zeglasi kunye neemveliso, ezifana neglasi yeglasi, iglasi yebhotile, iglasi yeglasi, iglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhlobisa, eveliswa yindlela yokunyibilika kwe-supercooling kunye neemaminerali zendalo kunye nelitye njengezona zinto ziphambili.
(3) Iglasi entsha, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiglasi entsha esebenzayo kunye neglasi ekhethekileyo esebenzayo, ibhekisa kwiglasi enemisebenzi ethile efana nokukhanya, umbane, umazibuthe, ubushushu, ikhemistri kunye ne-biochemistry, ngokucacileyo yahlukile kwiglasi yemveli ekubunjweni kwayo, imathiriyeli ekrwada. ukulungiswa, ukusetyenzwa, ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa. Yimathiriyeli yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kunye neentlobo ezininzi, isikali esincinci sokuvelisa kunye nokuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza, Okufana neglasi yokugcina i-optical, i-glass-dimensional waveguide glass, i-spectral hole evuthayo iglasi njalo njalo.
(4) Kunzima ukunika ingcaciso echanekileyo yeglasi yexesha elizayo. Kufuneka ibe yiglasi enokuthi iphuhliswe kwixesha elizayo ngokwesikhokelo sophuhliso lwezenzululwazi okanye uqikelelo lwethiyori. Nokuba iglasi yakudala, iglasi yemveli, iglasi entsha okanye iglasi yexesha elizayo, zonke zinokufana kwazo kunye nobuntu. Zonke ziyi-amorphous solids ezineempawu zobushushu beglasi yokutshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ubuntu buguquka ngexesha, oko kukuthi, kukho ukungafani kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi nangaphandle ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo: umzekelo, iglasi entsha ngekhulu lama-20 iya kuba yiglasi yendabuko ngekhulu lama-21; Omnye umzekelo kukuba iglasi encinci yayiluhlobo olutsha lweglasi ngo-1950 kunye no-1960, kodwa ngoku iye yaba yinto eveliswa ngobuninzi kunye nempahla yokwakha; Ngokufanayo, iglasi yefotoni yinto entsha esebenzayo yophando kunye nokuveliswa kovavanyo. Kwiminyaka embalwa, inokuba yiglasi yemveli esetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Ukususela kumbono wokuphuhliswa kweglasi, ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nemeko yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kuluntu ngelo xesha. Kuphela ngokuzinza kwentlalo kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lunokuthi iglasi iphuhlise. Emva kokusekwa kweTshayina entsha, ngakumbi ukusukela oko kuhlaziywe kunye nokuvulwa, imveliso yaseTshayina yeglasi ecaba, iglasi yemihla ngemihla, ifayibha yeglasi kunye neglasi yokukhanya ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Ekupheleni kuka-2008, inani leentambo zentambo zonxibelelwano zafikelela kwi-6.76 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, kwaye umthamo wemveliso ye-optical kunye nenqanaba lobugcisa laliphambili kwihlabathi.
Ukuphuhliswa kweglasi kwakhona kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo neemfuno zoluntu, eziza kukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweglasi. Iglasi ibisoloko isetyenziswa ikakhulu njengezikhongozeli, kwaye izikhongozeli zeglasi zithatha indawo enkulu yemveliso yeglasi. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-China yakudala, iteknoloji yokuvelisa i-ceramic ware yaphuhliswa ngokulinganayo, umgangatho wawungcono, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwakulula. Kwakunqabile ukuba kuphuhliswe izitya zeglasi ezingaqhelekanga, ukwenzela ukuba iglasi ihlale ifana nobucwebe kunye nobugcisa, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela uphuhliso olupheleleyo lweglasi; Entshona, nangona kunjalo, abantu banomdla kwizinto zeglasi ezicacileyo, iiseti zewayini kunye nezinye izitya, ezikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezikhongozelo zeglasi. Kwangaxeshanye, ngexesha lokusebenzisa iglasi ukwenza izixhobo zamehlo kunye nezixhobo zekhemikhali entshona ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwenzululwazi yovavanyo, ukwenziwa kweglasi yaseTshayina kwinqanaba “lokulinganisa ijade”, ngoko ke kunzima ukungena ebhotwe. yenzululwazi.
Ngenkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, imfuno yobuninzi kunye neentlobo zeglasi iyaqhubeka ikhula, kwaye umgangatho, ukuthembeka kunye neendleko zeglasi nazo zihlawulwa ngakumbi nangakumbi. Imfuno yamandla, ibhayoloji kunye nemathiriyeli yokusingqongileyo yeglasi iya ithandeka ngakumbi. I-Glass iyadingeka ukuba ibe nemisebenzi emininzi, izibonelelo ezincinci kunye namandla, kunye nongcoliseko oluncinci kunye nokulimala kokusingqongileyo, uphuhliso oluluhlaza kunye noqoqosho oluphantsi lwekhabhoni luhlala lukhokelo lophuhliso lwemboni yeglasi. Nangona iimfuno zophuhliso oluluhlaza zihluke kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zembali, ulwalathiso oluqhelekileyo lufana. Ngaphambi kwenguqu kwezemveliso, imveliso yethu yeglasi yayisebenzisa iinkuni njengamafutha, amahlathi agawulwa, kwaye imeko-bume yatshatyalaliswa: ngenkulungwane ye-17, iBritane yakuvala ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo, ngoko ke kwasetyenziswa izitofu ezitshiswa ngamalahle. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-pool yokuhlaziya yaziswa; ngenkulungwane yama-20, kwaveliswa ukunyibilika kombane; ngenkulungwane ye-21, ukunyibilika okungekho kwemveli kwasetyenziswa, oko kukuthi, endaweni ye-pool yendabuko kunye ne-crucible, ukunyibilika kwemodyuli, ukunyibilika komlilo, ukucocwa kwe-vacuum emanzi, ukunyibilika kwe-plasma ephezulu yamandla, njl. Ukunyibilika kwe-plasma beam kuye kwavavanywa kwimveliso. Ukunyibilika kwemodyuli kusekelwe kwinkqubo yokufudumeza kwebhetshi ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yama-20, enokonga i-6.5% yamafutha. Kwi-2004, inkampani yase-Owens Illinois yase-United States yenza uvavanyo lwemveliso, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwindlela yokunyibilika kwendabuko yi-7-5 w / KS. A, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunyibilika kwemodyuli yi-5 mu / kgam, Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunokugcinwa ngama-333%. Ngokuphathelele ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum, iveliswe kwi-tank ephakathi kwe-20td ecebileyo, enokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla malunga ne-30%. Ngesiseko sokucaciswa kwe-vacuum, inkqubo yokunyibilika kwesizukulwana esilandelayo (NGMS) kunye ne-high-speed melting, i-homogenization kunye noxinzelelo olubi luye lwasekwa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-11-2021