Ngokwenqanaba lophuhliso lwembali, iglasi inokwahlulwa ibe yiglasi yakudala, iglasi yemveli, iglasi entsha kunye neglasi kade.
(1) Kwimbali, iglasi yamandulo idla ngokubhekisela kwixesha lobukhoboka. Kwimbali yaseTshayina, iglasi yamandulo ikwabandakanya uluntu lwe-feudal. Ke ngoko, iglasi yakudala ibhekisa kwiglasi eyenziwe kwi-Qing Dynasty. Nangona ixeliswa namhlanje, inokubizwa ngokuba yiglasi yakudala, eneneni iyinkohliso yeglasi yakudala.
(2) Iglasi yemveli luhlobo lwezixhobo zeglasi kunye neemveliso, ezifana neglasi yeglasi, iglasi yebhotile, iglasi yeglasi, iglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhombisa, eveliswa ngendlela yokunyibilika kwe-supercooling kunye neeminerali zendalo kunye namatye njengezona zixhobo eziphambili.
(3) Iglasi entsha, eyaziwa ngokuba yiglasi entsha esebenzayo kunye neglasi ekhethekileyo esebenzayo, luhlobo lweglasi ecacileyo eyahlukileyo kwiglasi yemveli ekubunjweni kwayo, ukulungiswa kwezinto ezikrwada, ukusetyenzwa, ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa, kwaye inemisebenzi ethile efana nokukhanya, umbane, umazibuthe, ubushushu, ikhemistri kunye ne-biochemistry. Yimathiriyeli yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kunye neentlobo ezininzi, isikali esincinci sokuvelisa kunye nokuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza, Okufana neglasi yokugcina i-optical, i-glass-dimensional waveguide glass, i-spectral hole evuthayo iglasi njalo njalo.
(4) Kunzima ukunika inkcazo echanekileyo yeglasi yexesha elizayo. Kufuneka ibe yiglasi enokuthi iphuhliswe kwixesha elizayo ngokwesikhokelo sophuhliso lwezenzululwazi okanye uqikelelo lwethiyori.
Nokuba iglasi yakudala, iglasi yemveli, iglasi entsha okanye iglasi yexesha elizayo, zonke zinokufana kwazo kunye nobuntu. Zonke ziyi-amorphous solids ezineempawu zobushushu beglasi yokutshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ubuntu buguquka ngexesha, oko kukuthi, kukho ukungafani kwinkcazo kunye nokwandiswa kwamaxesha ahlukeneyo: umzekelo, iglasi entsha ngekhulu lama-20 iya kuba yiglasi yendabuko kwinkulungwane yama-21; Omnye umzekelo ngowokuba iiseramikhi zeglasi yayiluhlobo olutsha lweglasi ngeminyaka yee-1950s neye-1960, kodwa ngoku iye yaba yimveliso eveliswa ngobuninzi kunye nempahla yokwakha; Okwangoku, iglasi yefotoni yinto entsha esebenzayo yophando kunye nokuveliswa kovavanyo. Kwiminyaka embalwa, inokuba yiglasi yemveli esetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ukususela kumbono wokuphuhliswa kweglasi, ihambelana ngokusondeleyo kwimeko yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho ngelo xesha. Uzinzo lwentlalo kuphela kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lunokuphuhlisa iglasi. Emva kokusekwa kweTshayina entsha, ngakumbi ukusukela oko kuhlaziywa kunye nokuvulwa, amandla emveliso yaseTshayina kunye nenqanaba lobugcisa leglasi ecaba, iglasi yemihla ngemihla, ifayibha yeglasi kunye nefiber optical beziphambili kwihlabathi.
Ukuphuhliswa kweglasi kwakhona kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo neemfuno zoluntu, eziza kukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweglasi. Iglasi ibisoloko isetyenziswa ikakhulu njengezikhongozeli, kwaye izikhongozeli zeglasi zithatha indawo enkulu yemveliso yeglasi. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-China yakudala, iteknoloji yokuvelisa i-ceramic ware yaphuhliswa ngokulinganayo, umgangatho wawungcono, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwakulula. Kwakunqabile ukuba kuphuhliswe izitya zeglasi ezingaqhelekanga, ukwenzela ukuba iglasi ihlale ifana nobucwebe kunye nobugcisa, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela uphuhliso olupheleleyo lweglasi; Nangona kunjalo, entshona, abantu banomdla kwizinto zeglasi ezicacileyo, iiseti zewayini kunye nezinye izitya, ezikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezikhongozelo zeglasi. Kwangaxeshanye, ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kweglasi ukwenza izixhobo zamehlo kunye nezixhobo zekhemikhali entshona ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwesayensi yovavanyo, ukwenziwa kweglasi yaseTshayina kwinqanaba elithi "jade like" kwaye kunzima ukungena kwibhotwe. inzululwazi.
Ngenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kunye neteknoloji, imfuno yobuninzi kunye neentlobo zeglasi iyaqhubeka ikhula, kwaye umgangatho, ukuthembeka kunye neendleko zeglasi nazo zixatyiswa kakhulu. Imfuno yamandla, ibhayoloji kunye nezinto zokusingqongileyo zeglasi iya ingxamiseka ngakumbi. Iglasi iyadingeka ukuba ibe nemisebenzi emininzi, ithembele kancinci kwimithombo namandla, kwaye inciphise ukungcoliseka kwendalo kunye nomonakalo.
Ngokwale migaqo ingasentla, uphuhliso lweglasi kufuneka lulandele umthetho wengcamango yophuhliso lwezenzululwazi, kwaye uphuhliso oluluhlaza kunye noqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi luhlala lukhokelo lophuhliso lweglasi. Nangona iimfuno zophuhliso oluluhlaza zihluke kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zembali, indlela eqhelekileyo iyafana. Ngaphambi kwenguqu kwezoshishino, iinkuni zazisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweglasi. Amahlathi agawulwa kwaza kwatshatyalaliswa nemekobume; Ngenkulungwane ye-17, iBritani yakuvala ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni, ngoko kwasetyenziswa izitofu ezibaswa ngamalahle. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-kiln ye-regenerator tank yaziswa; Isithando somlilo sokunyibilikisa sombane saphuhliswa ngenkulungwane yama-20; Ngenkulungwane ye-21, kukho umkhwa wokuncibilika okungekho kwemveli, oko kukuthi, endaweni yokusebenzisa iziko lemveli kunye nezikhenkcezisi, ukunyibilika kwemodyuli, ukunyibilika komlilo ophantsi kwamanzi, ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum kunye nokunyibilika kweplasma ephezulu kusetyenziswa. Phakathi kwabo, ukunyibilika kwemodyuli, ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum kunye nokunyibilika kweplasma kuye kwavavanywa kwimveliso.
Ukunyibilika kwemodyuli kuqhutywa ngesiseko senkqubo yokutshisa ibhetshi phambi kwesithando kwinkulungwane yama-20, enokugcina i-6.5% yamafutha. Ngo-2004, inkampani yase-Owens Illinois yenze uvavanyo lwemveliso. Usetyenziso lwamandla endlela yemveli yokunyibilikisa yayiyi-7.5mj/kga, ngelixa indlela yokunyibilikisa imodyuli yayiyi-5mu / KGA, yonga i-33.3%.
Ngokuphathelele ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum, iveliswe kwi-tank ye-20 t / D ephakathi, enokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunyibilika kunye nokucaciswa malunga ne-30%. Ngokwesiseko sokucaciswa kwevacuum, inkqubo yokunyibilika kwesizukulwana esilandelayo (NGMS) isekiwe.
Ngo-1994, iUnited Kingdom yaqala ukusebenzisa iplasma kuvavanyo lokunyibilika kweglasi. Ngo-2003, iSebe lase-United States lamandla kunye ne-glass industry association lenze i-high-intensity plasma melting E glass, i-glass fiber encinci ye-tank furnace test, igcina amandla angaphezu kwama-40%. I-arhente entsha yophuhliso lweteknoloji yeshishini lamandla eJapan nayo yaququzelela i-Asahi nitko kunye neYunivesithi yaseTokyo yobuchwepheshe ukuba iseke ngokudibeneyo i-1 T / D yeziko lokulinga. Ibhetshi yeglasi iyanyibilika ngokubhabha ngokufudumeza kweplasma kanomathotholo. Ixesha lokunyibilika li-2 ~ 3 h kuphela, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi kweglasi egqityiweyo yi-5.75 MJ / kg.
Ngo-2008, uXunzi wenza uvavanyo lokwandiswa kweglasi ye-soda ye-100t, ixesha lokunyibilika lancitshiswa laya kwi-1/10 yeyokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwancitshiswa ngama-50%, Co, hayi, ukukhutshwa kongcoliseko kwancitshiswa ngama-50%. Ishishini elitsha lamandla eJapan (NEDO) i-arhente yophuhliso olubanzi lwetekhnoloji iceba ukusebenzisa i-1t soda lime yeglasi yokuvavanya iglasi yokuxutywa, ukunyibilika kwinqwelomoya edityaniswe nenkqubo yokucaciswa kwevacuum, kunye nezicwangciso zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunyibilika ukuya kwi-3767kj / kg yeglasi ngo-2012.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-22-2021