Inkqubo yokulinganisa
Imigangatho ye-1 kunye neenkqubo ezisemgangathweni kwiibhotile zeglasi
inqaku lama-52 loMthetho woLawulo lweZiyobisi weRiphabliki yaBantu baseTshayina uyacacisa: “Izinto zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli ezidibana ngokuthe ngqo namayeza kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kochiza kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko.” Inqaku lama-44 leMimiselo yeMimiselo yoMthetho woLawulo lweZiyobisi kwiRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseChina ithi: Amanyathelo olawulo, iikhathalogu zemveliso, kunye neemfuno zamachiza kunye nemigangatho yezixhobo zokupakisha amayeza kunye nezikhongozeli ziqulunqwe kwaye zipapashwe lisebe lolawulo lwamachiza kwiBhunga likarhulumente. . "Ngokweemfuno zemithetho kunye nemimiselo ekhankanywe ngasentla, i-State Drug Administration iququzelele kwiibhetshi ukususela ngo-2002. Yaqulunqwa kwaye yakhupha imigangatho ye-113 yezingxobo zokupakisha amayeza (izinto) (kubandakanywa nemigangatho yokukhululwa ecwangcisiweyo ye-2004), kubandakanywa nemigangatho ye-43 yebhotile yeglasi yamayeza. izingxobo zokupakisha (izinto), kunye nenani lemigangatho libalelwa kwi-38% yemigangatho yelali yokupakishwa kweziyobisi. Umda osemgangathweni ugubungela izikhongozeli zokupakisha zebhotile yeglasi yoxubo kwiifomu ezahlukeneyo zokutofa ezifana nokutofa umgubo, iinaliti zamanzi, ukufakwa, iipilisi, iipilisi, ulwelo lomlomo kunye ne-lyophilized, izitofu, iimveliso zegazi kunye nezinye iifom zedosi. Inkqubo yokulinganisa ibhotile yeglasi yonyango egqibeleleyo nesemgangathweni sele yenziwe ekuqaleni. Ukuqulunqwa kunye nokukhululwa kwale migangatho, ukutshintshwa kweebhotile zeglasi yamayeza kunye nezikhongozeli, ukuphuculwa komgangatho wemveliso, ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho wamayeza, ukukhawuleziswa kokudityaniswa nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemarike yamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuthazwa kunye nokulawulwa kwezempilo. , ngocwangco, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini leglasi lamayeza aseTshayina , Inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kunye nendima.
Iibhotile zeglasi zamayeza zizinto zokupakisha ezinxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo namayeza. Bathatha indawo enkulu kwindawo yokupakisha amayeza, kwaye baneempawu ezingenakubuyiselwa kunye neenzuzo. Imigangatho yabo inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumgangatho wokupakishwa kwamayeza kunye nophuhliso lweshishini.
Inkqubo yonyango
2 Inkqubo esemgangathweni yeebhotile zeglasi zamayeza
Ngokwemigangatho ye-State Drug Administration yokuqulunqa izinto zokupakisha amayeza ezahlulwe ngezinto eziphathekayo, enye into (ientlobo ezahlukeneyo) kunye nomgangatho omnye, kukho imigangatho engama-43 yeebhotile zeglasi zonyango ezikhutshiweyo kwaye kufuneka zikhutshwe. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo amathathu ngokohlobo oluqhelekileyo. Kukho imigangatho yemveliso engama-23 kwicandelo lokuqala, apho i-18 ikhutshwe, kwaye i-5 icwangciswe ukukhutshwa ngo-2004; Imigangatho ye-17 yohlobo lwesibini lwendlela yokuvavanya, apho i-10 ikhutshwe, kwaye i-7 icwangciswe ukuba ikhutshwe ngo-2004. Kukho imigangatho emi-3 esisiseko yodidi lwesithathu, i-1 yayo ishicilelwe, i-2 iya kukhutshwa ngo-2004. Kukho iintlobo ze-23 zemigangatho yemveliso kwisigaba sokuqala, esahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo ze-8 ngokweentlobo zemveliso, kubandakanywa "Iibhotile ze-Injection ezibunjiweyo" 3 "Iibhotile ze-Injection eziLawulwayo" 3 "Iibhotile ze-Glass Infusion" 3 "Iibhotile ze-Mold Pharmaceutical" 3 "I-tube Izinto ze-Pharmaceutical 3 ze "Bottles", izinto ze-3 "zeebhotile eziLawulwayo zoMlomo zoMlomo", izinto ezi-3 ze "Ampoules" kunye nezinto ezi-3 ze "Glass Medicinal Tubes" (Qaphela: Le mveliso iyimveliso egqityiweyo yokulungiswa kweebhotile ezahlukeneyo kunye ii-ampoules).
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zezinto zokudibanisa, kuquka izinto ezi-8 zeglasi ye-borosilicate. Iglasi yeBorosilicate ibandakanya α = (4 ～ 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ～ 300 ℃) iglasi engathathi hlangothi kunye α = (3. 2 ~ 3. 4) × 10 (-6) K (- 1) (20 ~ 300 ° C) 3.3 iglasi yeBorosilicate. Olu hlobo lweglasi lwenziwe ngeglasi engathathi hlangothi yamazwe ngamazwe, ekwabizwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengeglasi yeClass I okanye iClass A material. Kukho izinto ezi-8 zeglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate, kunye neglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate i-α = (6.2 ukuya ku-7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ukuya ku-300 ℃). Olu hlobo lwemathiriyeli yeglasi yiglasi yaseTshayina ekhethekileyo engathathi hlangothi engenakho ukuhambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimathiriyeli yodidi B. Iglasi ye-soda-lime 7 izinto, iglasi ye-soda-lime yi-α = (7.6 ukuya ku-9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ukuya ku-300 ℃), olu hlobo lwezinto zeglasi zihlala zivulcanized, kwaye umphezulu awunyangeki ngamanzi Ukusebenza kufikelela kwinqanaba lesi-2.
Kukho imigangatho ye-17 yodidi lwesibini lweendlela zokuhlola. Le migangatho yendlela yokuhlola ibandakanya izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola ezifana nokusebenza kunye nezikhombisi zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhotile zeglasi zamayeza. Ngokukodwa, uvavanyo lweepropathi zeekhemikhali zeglasi longeze ukusebenza okutsha kokuxhathisa kwamanzi ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ye-ISO Ukubonwa kwe-alkali kunye nokumelana ne-asidi kubonelela ngakumbi, iindlela ezibanzi kunye nenzululwazi zokubona ukuchongwa kozinzo lwekhemikhali ukuze ulungelelanise iimveliso ezahlukeneyo iibhotile zeglasi zonyango kumachiza eepropati ezahlukeneyo kunye neefom zedosi. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho weebhotile zeglasi zonyango kwaye ngoko umgangatho wamayeza uya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukongezelela, iindlela zokufumanisa ubuninzi bezinto ezinobungozi zongezwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lweebhotile zeglasi zamachiza. Imigangatho yendlela yovavanyo yeebhotile zeglasi yamayeza kufuneka yongezwe ngakumbi. Umzekelo, indlela yovavanyo yokumelana ne-alkali-resistant stripping of ampoules, indlela yokuvavanya ukophula amandla, kunye novavanyo lokumelana nokothuka komkhenkce zonke zinefuthe elibalulekileyo kumgangatho kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhotile zeglasi zamayeza.
Kukho imigangatho emi-3 esisiseko kudidi lwesithathu. Phakathi kwazo, "Ukuhlelwa kunye neendlela zoVavanyo lweebhotile zeGlasi yezoNyango" zibhekisela kwi-ISO 12775-1997 "Ukuhlelwa kunye neendlela zoVavanyo lweGlasi kwiMveliso yeMicimbi yeMveli". Ukuhlelwa kokwakheka kweebhotile kunye nemigangatho yendlela yokuvavanya inenkcazo ecacileyo yokwahlula izixhobo zeglasi kwamanye amashishini. Eminye imigangatho emibini esisiseko inciphisa izinto ezinobungozi zemathiriyeli yeglasi, ilothe, i-cadmium, i-arsenic, kunye ne-antimony, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamayeza.
Iimpawu zeebhotile zonyango
3 Iimpawu zomgangatho webhotile yeglasi yamayeza
Umgangatho webhotile yeglasi yeyeza licandelo elibalulekileyo lenkqubo esemgangathweni yezinto zokupakisha amayeza. Ekubeni iibhotile zeglasi zonyango zidibana ngokuthe ngqo namayeza, kwaye ezinye zazo kufuneka zigcinwe ixesha elide, umgangatho weebhotile zeglasi zonyango uhambelana ngqo nomgangatho wamayeza kwaye ubandakanya impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko. Ke ngoko, umgangatho weebhotile zeglasi zonyango uneemfuno ezikhethekileyo nezingqongqo, ezishwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Icwangciswe ngakumbi kwaye ibanzi, ephucula ukukhetha kwemigangatho yemveliso kwaye yoyise ukusilela kwemigangatho kwiimveliso
Imveliso efanayo echongiweyo ngumgangatho omtsha isekelwe kumgaqo wokuqulunqa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo esekelwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, eyandisa kakhulu ububanzi bomgangatho, iphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhetha kwamachiza amatsha ahlukeneyo kunye neziyobisi ezikhethekileyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zeglasi kunye nokusebenza okwahlukileyo. iimveliso, kunye notshintsho ImiGangatho kwimigangatho yemveliso ngokubanzi isemva kophuhliso lwemveliso.
Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kweentlobo ezi-8 zeebhotile zeglasi zamayeza ezigutyungelwe ngumgangatho omtsha, umgangatho ngamnye wemveliso wahlulwe kwiindidi ezi-3 ngokwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokusebenza, udidi lokuqala yiglasi ye-borosilicate, udidi lwesibini luphantsi kweglasi ye-borosilicate, kunye neyesithathu. Iklasi yiglasi ye-soda yekalika. Nangona imveliso ethile yohlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphathekayo ingekaveliswa, imigangatho yolu hlobo lwemveliso iye yaziswa, exazulula ingxaki yokulahla ukuveliswa kweemveliso eziqhelekileyo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamachiza anamabanga ahlukeneyo, iipropati ezahlukeneyo, ukusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kunye neefom zedosi zinokuguquguquka ngakumbi kunye nokukhetha okukhulu kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso kunye nemigangatho.
Icaciswe inkcazo yeglasi ye-borosilicate kunye neglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate. Umgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO 4802. 1-1988 “Ukumelana naManzi kwiGlassware kunye neMigqomo yeGlass’ yaNgaphakathi. Icandelo 1: Ukuzimisela kunye nokuhlelwa ngokweTitration. Iglasi) ichazwa njengeglasi equlethe i-5 ukuya kwi-13% (m / m) ye-boron trioxide (B-2O-3), kodwa i-ISO 12775 "Ukuhlelwa kokwakhiwa kweglasi kunye neendlela zokuvavanya ukuveliswa kwemveliso eqhelekileyo" ekhutshwe kwi-1997 Inkcazo ye-borosilicate iglasi (kubandakanywa neglasi engathathi hlangothi) iqulethe i-boron trioxide (B-2O-3) enkulu kune-8% (m / m). Ngokwemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ye-1997 yemigaqo yokuhlelwa kweglasi, izinto zeglasi ezimalunga ne-2% (m / m) ye-B-2O-3, esele isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lebhotile yeglasi yeglasi iminyaka emininzi, ayifanelanga kubizwa ngokuba. iglasi ye-borosilicate okanye iglasi engathathi hlangothi. Uvavanyo lungqina ukuba ezinye zeglasi ukumelana namanzi kunye novavanyo lwangaphakathi lwamanzi angaphezulu kwezi zinto aziphumelelanga ukufikelela kwiNqanaba loku-1 kunye ne-HC1, okanye ziphakathi kwemiphetho yeNqanaba 1 kunye neNqanaba 2. Ukuziqhelanisa kuye kwangqina ukuba ezinye zezi ntlobo yeglasi iya kuba nokungaphumeleli kokungathathi hlangothi okanye ukuxobula kusetyenziswa, kodwa olu hlobo lweglasi lusetyenziswe eTshayina iminyaka emininzi. Umgangatho omtsha ugcina olu hlobo lweglasi kwaye luchaza i-B-2O- Umxholo we-3 kufuneka uhlangabezane neemfuno ze-5-8% (m / m). Kucaciswa ngokucacileyo ukuba olu hlobo lweglasi alukwazi ukubizwa ngokuba yiglasi ye-borosilicate (okanye iglasi engathathi hlangothi), kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yiglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate.
Yamkela imigangatho ye-ISO ngokusebenzayo. Imigangatho emitsha ihambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Imigangatho emitsha ibhekisa ngokupheleleyo kwimigangatho ye-ISO kunye nemigangatho yoshishino kunye ne-pharmacopoeia yase-United States, eJamani, eJapan nakwamanye amazwe ahambele phambili, kwaye idibanise iimeko zokwenyani zeshishini lebhotile yeglasi yamayeza aseTshayina ukusuka kumacala amabini eentlobo zeglasi kunye nezixhobo zeglasi. Kufikelelwe kwimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Iintlobo zezinto zeglasi: Kukho iintlobo ezi-4 zeglasi kumgangatho omtsha, kubandakanywa iintlobo ze-2 zeglasi ye-borosilicate, kuquka i-3.3 yeglasi ye-borosilicate [α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] Kwaye i-5.0 0 iglasi engathathi hlangothi [α = (4 ukuya ku-5) × 10 (-6) K (-1)], iglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate [α = (6.2 ukuya ku-7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] Uhlobo olu-1, iglasi ye-soda-lime [α = (7.6 ~ 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1)] 1 uhlobo, ngoko kukho iindidi ezi-4 zeglasi ngezinto eziphathekayo.
Ngenxa yokuba iglasi ye-soda yekalika ibandakanya inani elikhulu lonyango olungathathi hlangothi kwimveliso yokwenyani kunye nesicelo, yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezi-5 ngokwemveliso. Ezi ntlobo zeglasi ezi-4 ezingentla kunye ne-5 yeemveliso zeglasi ziquka imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, i-US Pharmacopoeia kunye neebhotile zeglasi zonyango ezikhethekileyo zaseChina. Ukongeza, kwiimveliso ze-8 ezigutyungelwe ngumgangatho, ii-ampoules kuphela ziye zaphuhlisa imigangatho ye-2, "i-borosilicate glass ampoules" kunye "ne-borosilicate glass ampoules ephantsi," kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-α = (4 ukuya ku-5) × 10 (-6) I-K (-1) ye-5.0 yeglasi ye-borosilicate ngaphandle kwe-α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ye-3. 3 iglasi ye-borosilicate Ikakhulu kuba akukho mveliso enjalo emhlabeni. , kunye ne-softening point ye-3.3 yeglasi ye-borosilicate iphezulu, okwenza kube nzima ukutywina i-ampoule. Enyanisweni, umgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe une-5.0 ye-borosilicate glass ampoule, kwaye akukho 3.3 i-borosilicate glass ampoule kunye ne-soda-lime glass ampoule. Ngokuphathelele i-ampoules yeglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate ephantsi yaseTshayina, i-5.0 i-ampoules yeglasi ye-borosilicate ayikabikho ixesha elithile lemveliso enkulu ezinzileyo e-China ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inokusetyenziswa kuphela njengemveliso yenguqu. Ekugqibeleni, iglasi ye-borosilicate ephantsi isalinganiselwe. I-Ampoule, phuhlisa i-5.0 ye-borosilicate glass ampoule ukufezekisa ukuhlanganiswa okupheleleyo kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neemveliso ngokukhawuleza.
Ukusebenza kwezinto zeglasi: I-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal echazwe kumgangatho omtsha, i-3.3 yeglasi ye-borosilicate kunye ne-5.0 yeglasi ye-borosilicate ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Iglasi ye-borosilicate ephantsi iyingqayizivele e-China, kwaye akukho zixhobo ezinjalo kwimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. I-Soda-lime glass ISO ichaza α = (8 ～ 10) × 10 (-6) K (-1), kwaye umgangatho omtsha uchaza α = (7.6–9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) , Iimpawu zingqongqo kancinci kunemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Kulo mgangatho omtsha, iimpawu zeekhemikhali ze-3.3 zeglasi ye-borosilicate, i-5.0 yeglasi ye-borosilicate kunye neglasi ye-soda-lime kwi-121 ° C iyahambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukongezelela, iimfuno zokwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-boron oxide (B-2O-3) kwiintlobo ezintathu zeglasi zihambelana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukusebenza kwemveliso yeglasi: Ukusebenza kwemveliso echazwe kumgangatho omtsha, ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kumphezulu wangaphakathi, ukuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal, kunye nezalathi zokumelana noxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ziyahambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Isalathisi soxinzelelo sangaphakathi somgangatho we-ISO sichaza ukuba i-ampoule yi-50nm / mm, ezinye iimveliso ziyi-40nm / mm, kwaye umgangatho omtsha ubonisa ukuba i-ampoule yi-40nm / mm, ngoko ke isalathisi soxinzelelo sangaphakathi se-ampoule siphezulu kancinane kune-ampoule. umgangatho we-ISO.
Isicelo sebhotile yezonyango
Ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho yebhotile yeglasi yamayeza
Iimveliso ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zenza inkqubo esemgangathweni yokunqunyulwa kwesiphambano, ebonelela ngesiseko kunye neemeko ezaneleyo zezenzululwazi, ezifanelekileyo kunye nezikhongozeli zeglasi ezifanelekileyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamayeza. Ukukhethwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamayeza ahlukeneyo kwiifom ezahlukeneyo zedosi, iipropathi ezahlukeneyo kunye namabanga ahlukeneyo kwiibhotile zeglasi zamayeza kufuneka alandele le migaqo ilandelayo:
Uzinzo lwekhemikhali
ImiGaqo yoZinzo lweMichiza eLungileyo neLufaneleyo
Isitya seglasi esisetyenziselwa ukubamba zonke iintlobo zamachiza kufuneka sihambelane kakuhle nechiza, oko kukuthi, kwimveliso, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwechiza, iipropati zeekhemikhali zesitya seglasi kufuneka zingazinzi, kunye nezinto ezithile phakathi. azifanelanga ukuba zenzeke. Ukwahluka okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwamayeza okubangelwa kukusabela kweekhemikhali. Ngokomzekelo, izitya zeglasi ezenziwe ngeglasi ye-borosilicate kufuneka zikhethwe kumayeza aphezulu afana namalungiselelo egazi kunye nogonyo, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-asidi eyomeleleyo kunye namalungiselelo enaliti yamanzi e-alkali, ngakumbi amalungiselelo e-alkaline eqinile yokutofa kwamanzi, kufuneka yenziwe ngeglasi ye-borosilicate. . I-borosilicate glass ampules ephantsi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi e-China ayifanelekanga ukuba iqulethe amalungiselelo e-injection yamanzi. Ezo zixhobo zeglasi kufuneka zitshintshe kancinci ziye kwi-5.0 yezixhobo zeglasi ukuze zihambelane nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kwakamsinyane ukuqinisekisa ukuba amayeza aqulethwe awasetyenziswa. I-off-chip, ayikho i-turbid, kwaye ayiwohloki.
Kwizitofu zomgubo jikelele, amalungiselelo omlomo kunye nokufakelwa okukhulu, ukusetyenziswa kweglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate okanye iglasi ye-soda-lime engathathi hlangothi isengakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zayo zokuzinza kweekhemikhali. Iqondo lokudleka kwamayeza kwiglasi lulwelo ngokubanzi kuneziqina kwaye ialkalinity inkulu kuneasidi, ngakumbi iinaliti zamanzi ealkaline ezomeleleyo zineemfuno eziphezulu zokusebenza kweekhemikhali kwiibhotile zeglasi zamayeza.
Ukumelana nokuncipha kwe-thermal
Ukuchasana kakuhle nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa ngokukhawuleza
Kwimveliso yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zedosi yamachiza, ukomisa ubushushu obuphezulu, ukuvala inzala okanye ukumisa umkhenkce ophantsi kuyafuneka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, nto leyo efuna ukuba isikhongozelo seglasi sinobuchule obufanelekileyo bokuchasana notshintsho ngequbuliso kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphandle kokugqabhuka. . Ukuchasana kweglasi ekutshintsheni ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa kuhambelana kakhulu ne-coefficient yokwanda kwe-thermal. I-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, yomelele ukuchasana kwayo nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa. Ngokomzekelo, amalungiselelo amaninzi okugonya okuphezulu, amalungiselelo e-biological kunye namalungiselelo e-lyophilized kufuneka ngokubanzi asebenzise i-3.3 yeglasi ye-borosilicate okanye i-5.0 yeglasi ye-borosilicate. Xa izixa ezikhulu zeglasi ephantsi ye-borosilicate eveliswa e-China iphantsi kotshintsho olukhawulezayo kumahluko obushushu, zihlala zidla ngokuqhushumba kwaye ziwise iibhotile. Iglasi ye-borosilicate yaseChina ye-3.3 inophuhliso olukhulu, le glasi ifaneleka ngokukodwa kumalungiselelo e-lyophilized, kuba ukuchasana kwayo nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa kungcono kune-5.0 yeglasi ye-borosilicate.
Amandla omatshini
Amandla omatshini alungileyo kwaye afanelekileyo
Iziyobisi kwiifom ezahlukeneyo zedosi kufuneka zimelane nenqanaba elithile lokuchasana ngoomatshini ngexesha lemveliso kunye nokuthutha. Amandla omatshini weebhotile zeglasi zonyango kunye nezikhongozeli azihambelani kuphela kwimilo yebhotile, ubungakanani bejometri, ukuqhutyelwa kwe-thermal, njl., Kodwa kunye namandla omatshini wezinto zeglasi. Kwinqanaba elithile, amandla omatshini weglasi ye-borosilicate ingcono kuneglasi ye-soda-lime.
Ukukhutshwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigangatho emitsha yeebhotile zeglasi zonyango ziyimfuneko ukuseka inkqubo esemgangathweni kunye nesayensi, ukukhawuleza ukudibanisa nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neemarike zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wezinto zokupakisha amayeza, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wamachiza, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso loshishino norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Uya kudlala indima entle. Ewe, njengayo yonke inkqubo eqhelekileyo yezixhobo zokupakisha amayeza, kusekho imiba emininzi ekufuneka iphuculwe ngakumbi, iphuculwe, kwaye igqitywe kwinkqubo yomgangatho wokuqala kwiibhotile zeglasi zamayeza, ngakumbi ukulungelelanisa nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lamayeza. kunye nokudityaniswa kweemarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Kleyima. Ukuqulunqwa, umxholo kunye nezalathi zemigangatho, kunye nobungakanani bemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yamkelwa kwaye ngokuhambelana nemarike yamazwe ngamazwe zonke zifuna ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokongezwa ngexesha lohlaziyo.
Ibhotile yeglasi kunye nemigangatho yokuvavanya itanki:
Indlela yokuvavanya uxinzelelo lweengqayi zeglasi: ASTM C 148-2000 (2006).
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-06-2019