Ukusila iglasi

Ukukrola iglasi kukukrola kunye nokukrola iimveliso zeglasi ngoomatshini abahlukeneyo bokugaya. Kwezinye iincwadi, kubizwa ngokuba "kulandela ukusika" kunye "nokukrola". Umbhali ucinga ukuba kuchaneka ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kokusila ukukrola, kuba kuqaqambisa umsebenzi wevili lokusila isixhobo, ukuze kuboniswe umahluko kuzo zonke iintlobo zeemela zokukrola kubugcisa bemveli kunye nemisebenzi yezandla; Uluhlu lokusila kunye nokukrola lubanzi, kubandakanywa ukukrola kunye nokukrola. Ukugaya kunye nokukrola kwiglasi kunokwahlulwa ngokwezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

(1) Ukukrolwa kwendiza (ukukrola) ukukrola kwiglasi ukufumana iipateni ezahlukeneyo kunye neepateni kubizwa ngokuba ngumkroli weglasi. Xa kuthelekiswa namacala amathathu, umkrolo wenqwelomoya apha awubhekiseli kwinqwelomoya eneglasi ecaba njengesiseko, kubandakanywa iivazi zeglasi ezigobileyo, iimbasa, izikhumbuzo, imiboniso, njl. njl., kodwa ikakhulu ibhekisa kwipatheni yendawo enamacala amabini, Uninzi. yeglasi ekhazimlisiweyo kukukrolwa kwendiza.

2 Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ongenzulu ubhekiselele kwisiqabu sokuba umlinganiselo wobukhulu bomfanekiso omnye kunye nobukhulu bento yokwenyani ukusuka kumgca wendawo ukuya kumphezulu woncedo malunga ne-1/10; Uncedo oluphezulu lubhekiselele kwisiqabu apho umlinganiselo wobukhulu bomfanekiso omnye ukuya kubukhulu bento yokwenyani ukusuka kumgca wendawo ukuya kwindawo yokukhulula idlula i-2 / 5. Uncedo lufanelekile ukujongwa kwelinye icala.

(3) Umzobo ongqukuva luhlobo lomfanekiso oqingqiweyo weglasi ongaqhotyoshelwanga kuyo nayiphi na imvelaphi kwaye ifanele ukuxatyiswa kwee-engile ezininzi, kubandakanywa intloko, i-bust, umzimba wonke, iqela kunye nezilwanyana.

(4) Isemicircle ibhekisa kuhlobo lomzobo weglasi osebenzisa ubuchule bokukrola obungqukuva ukukrola indawo ephambili ekufuneka ibonakaliswe, kwaye ishiya indawo yesibini ukwenza isiqingatha esingqukuva sokukrola.

5 Kunzima ukwahlula ngokungqongqo ukukrola umgca wokukrola kwinqwelomoya.

(6) Umsebenzi ovulekileyo ubhekiselele kwisiqabu sokugqobhoza umgangatho weglasi. Uyakwazi ukubona imbonakalo emva kokukhululeka ukusuka ngaphambili ukuya kwindawo yomgangatho.

Ngenxa yokuchitha ixesha lokukrola iglasi engqukuva, ukukrolwa kwesiqingatha sesetyhula kunye nokukrolwa okuvulekileyo, iglasi iqhele ukubunjwa kuqala ibe yirhashalala, emva koko icolwe kwaye iqingqwe. Le yimisebenzi yobugcisa ubukhulu becala. Ukuveliswa rhoqo kukukrola umgca, ukukhulula kunye neemveliso zeglasi zokukrola.

Ukukrolwa kweglasi kunembali ende. Ngenkulungwane ye-7 BC, izinto zeglasi ezikhazimlisiweyo zavela eMesopotamiya, kwaye ePersi ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-7 BC ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-5 BC, iipateni zelotus zazikrolwe phantsi kweepleyiti zeglasi. Ngexesha le-Achaemenid yaseYiputa kwi-50 BC, ukuveliswa kweglasi yomhlaba kwakuphumelele kakhulu. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala AD, abantu baseRoma basebenzisa ivili ukukrola iimveliso zeglasi. Ukusuka kwi-700 ukuya kwi-1400 ad, abasebenzi beglasi yamaSilamsi basebenzise itekhnoloji ekroliweyo emine kunye neyokunceda ukucubungula umphezulu weglasi kunye nokwenza iglasi yoncedo. Embindini wenkulungwane ye-17, iRavenscroft, indoda yaseNgesi, yaguqa kwaye yakrola iglasi yelothe esemgangathweni. Ngenxa yesalathiso saso esiphakamileyo kunye nokusasazeka, kunye nokubonakala kakuhle, iglasi yekristale ekhokelayo yenza i-facet egudileyo emva kokusila. Olu hlobo lwe-multi-edge facet luphucula kakhulu isiphumo sokuphinda igilasi kwaye luvelise ukukhanya okuphindwe kaninzi kumphezulu weglasi, okwenza iimveliso zeglasi zicace ngakumbi kwaye zikhazimle, kwaye iphucula imvakalelo yobuhle yeemveliso zeglasi, yiba yimveliso yeglasi. iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso zeglasi, ezizezi, ukucola nokukrola iimveliso zeglasi. Ukusukela ngo-1729 ukuya kowe-1851, umzi-mveliso waseWaterford eIreland ukwaphuhlise iglasi yeglasi yeglasi ephantsi, eyenza iWaterford crystal glass emhlabeni yaduma ngodonga lwayo olungqindilili kunye nejiyometri enzulu. Yasekwa ngo-1765 kumzi-mveliso weglasi we-baccarat, eFransi, iglasi yekristale egayiweyo eveliswayo yenye yeyona glasi igqwesileyo yaseYurophu, ebizwa ngokuba yiglasi ye-baccarat kwaye ikwaguqulelwa njengeglasi ye-baccarat. Kukwakho ne-Swarovski kunye ne-Bohemia yokusila iglasi yekristale, efana ne-Swarovski's grinding crystal ball, enqunyulwayo yaza yaculwa kwimiphetho engama-224. Ukukhanya kubonakaliswa ukusuka kwindawo yangaphakathi yamacandelwana amaninzi kwaye kunqanyulwe ukusuka kwimida kunye neekona. Ezi ngqameko kunye neekona zikwasebenza njengeeprism kwaye zibole ukukhanya okumhlophe kube yimibala esixhenxe e-iridescence, ebonisa ukubengezela okumangalisayo. Ukongeza, iglasi ephantsi yeshishini le-orefors eSweden nayo ikumgangatho ophezulu.

Inkqubo yokugaya iglasi kunye nokukrola ingahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: ukukrola kunye nokukrola.

Ukukrolwa kweglasi

Iglasi ekroliweyo luhlobo lwemveliso esebenzisa ivili elijikelezayo kunye nevili elirhabaxa okanye elimery ukongeza amanzi ukwenza inqwelomoya yeglasi ibe ziipateni kunye neepateni.

Iintlobo zokukrola iglasi

Ngokwetekhnoloji yokucubungula kunye nesiphumo, intyatyambo yeglasi inokwahlulwa ibe yi-edge carving kunye nengca yokukrola.

(1) Umzobo we-Edge (umzobo ocolekileyo, ukrolo olunzulu, ukrolo olujikajikayo) uyasila kwaye ukrole umphezulu weglasi kwindawo ebanzi okanye eyi-angular, kwaye udibanisa iipatheni ezithile kunye neepatheni ezinemijelo engunxantathu yobunzulu obahlukeneyo, njengenkwenkwezi, iradial, ipoligoni, njl. ., edla ngokubandakanya iinkqubo ezintathu: ukugaya ngokurhabaxa, ukucolwa nokucolisisa.

Ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo, amacandelo asisiseko somphetho wepatheni ayindawo yesangqa, umlomo obukhali (ibhayi yengqolowa emfutshane eqinileyo kwiziphelo zombini), ibha enkulu (i-groove ende enzulu), isilika, ukulungiswa komphezulu, njl njl emva kokulula kunye nokuguqulwa; izilwanyana, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zingaboniswa. Iimpawu zala macandelo asisiseko zezi zilandelayo:

① Amachaphaza anokwahlulwa abe isangqa esipheleleyo, isiqingatha semicircle kunye neellipse. Zonke iintlobo zamachaphaza zingasetyenziswa zodwa, zidityaniswe kwaye zifakwe ngokwamaqela. Xa kuthelekiswa nomlomo obukhali, banokwandisa utshintsho.

I-Jiankou Jiankou yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezimbini, uninzi lwazo zikwimo yokudibanisa. Iipateni zokudibanisa eziqhelekileyo ziyi-Baijie, i-rouzhuan, i-fantou, intyatyambo, i-snowflake kunye nokunye. I-Baijie inokuvelisa i-Eccentric Baijie, i-Baijie engenanto, i-Baijie yangaphakathi njalo njalo, kwaye utshintsho oluninzi lunokuvela xa inani le-Baijie lahlukile. Iipateni ezinomdibaniso womlomo obukhali zisetyenziswa njengomzimba ophambili kumphetho wokukrola.

③ Isilika luhlobo lophawu olubhityileyo nolungekho nzulu lomsele. Iimilo ezahlukeneyo zesilika zinika abantu imvakalelo ethambileyo nethambileyo kumfanekiso wemoto

Isalathiso kunye nenani elahlukileyo lesilika iyathungelana enye kwenye, enokuthi ibonise ukuphakama okukhulu okufana negem shape kunye nokumila kwechrysanthemum, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 18-41.

④ Iibha zingqindilili kwaye zinzulu. Imivalo igobile kwaye ithe tye. Imivalo ethe tye igudile kwaye intle. Imivalo isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwahlula indawo kwaye yenze i-skeleton. I-refraction yeglasi ibonakala ngokukodwa ngabo.

① Umlomo, umzantsi kunye nomzantsi wempahla, kunye neendawo apho kunzima ukwenza ipateni efanelekileyo, zihlala ziphathwa ngomphetho.

Ngokudibanisa kunye nokuguqulwa, ezi zinto zintlanu zingasentla zinokubonisa izilwanyana, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo, ngaloo ndlela zenza uluhlu olubanzi lwemizobo.

Umgaqo wokuchasana kufuneka usetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo kuyilo lwepatheni yomphetho, kwaye ibha engqindilili kunye nenamandla kufuneka ithelekiswe neliso elithambileyo. Kuya kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kutshintsho lwendawo yokwahlulahlula kwebar enkulu, hayi njenge-monotonous njenge-chessboard. Uyilo lwebha enkulu kufuneka lube lukhuni ngokufanelekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme i-clutter. Sinokusebenzisa umahluko phakathi kwe-transparent kunye ne-matte, inyani kunye ne-abstract ukuqhubela phambili ukuhombisa ipateni.

Umgaqo odibeneyo ubaluleke ngokulinganayo ekuyilweni kweepateni zokukrola edge. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuhombisa akufanele zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwaye zixutywe, oko kukuthi, izinto ezinjengamachaphaza kunye namehlo e-arithmetic akufanele zidweliswe kunye. Ukuba imilo yevili yisampulu ephambili, ezinye iisampuli kufuneka zibe kwindawo yomgibe. Ezinye iimveliso zeglasi zangaphandle zisebenzisa uhlobo olunye kuphela lwento yokwenza amachaphaza. Ngelizwi, uyilo lwepateni yomgca ogqityiweyo weglasi eqingqiweyo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo umgaqo wokuchasana kunye nobunye, oko kukuthi, ukufuna ubunye ngokungafaniyo kunye nokudibanisa ukungafani kubunye. Kungale ndlela kuphela enokuthi icace kwaye yendalo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ihambelane kwaye izinzile ngaphandle kwe-monotony.