Izifundiswa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zineembono ezahlukeneyo ngemvelaphi yeglasi eTshayina. Enye yithiyori yokuzidala, kwaye enye yithiyori yangaphandle. Ngokweyantlukwano phakathi kokwakhiwa kunye nokuveliswa kweteknoloji yeglasi evela kwiNtshona yeZhou Dynasty evunjululwe eChina kunye nabasentshona, kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokunyibilika kwe-porcelain yokuqala kunye nempahla yobhedu ngelo xesha, ithiyori yokuzimela. Indalo ibambe ukuba iglasi eTshayina yavela kwi-glaze ye-porcelain yasekuqaleni, kunye nothuthu lwezityalo njenge-flux, kunye nokwakheka kweglasi yinkqubo ye-alkali calcium silicate, Umxholo we-potassium oxide uphezulu kunesodium oxide, eyahlukileyo kuleyo iBhabhiloni yamandulo neYiputa. Kamva, i-lead oxide evela kwi-bronze kunye ne-alchemy yaziswa kwiglasi ukuze yenze i-lead barium silicate. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba iTshayina inokuba yenze iglasi yodwa. Enye imbono kukuba iglasi yamandulo yaseTshayina yanikezelwa ukusuka eNtshona. Uphando olongezelelweyo kunye nokuphuculwa kobungqina kuyafuneka.
Ukusuka ku-1660 BC ukuya ku-1046 BC, itekhnoloji yeporcelain yakudala kunye netekhnoloji yokunyibilikisa ubhedu yavela kwi-Shang Dynasty kade. Ubushushu bokudubula beporcelain yamandulo kunye nobushushu bokunyibilikisa ubhedu babumalunga ne-1000C. Olu hlobo lweziko lunokusetyenziselwa ukulungisa isanti ekhazimlayo kunye nesanti yeglasi. Embindini weNtshona yeZhou Dynasty, amaso esanti akhazimlayo kunye neetyhubhu zenziwe njengokulinganisa kwejade.
Ubuninzi beentsimbi zesanti ezikhazimlayo ezenziwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kunye nexesha le-Autumn lalingaphezulu kwelo kwi-Western Zhou Dynasty, kunye nenqanaba lobugcisa laphuculwa. Amanye amaso esanti ekhazimlisiweyo sele engawomda wesanti yeglasi. Ngexesha laMazwe alwayo, iimveliso eziphambili zeglasi zinokwenziwa. Iziqwenga ezintathu zeglasi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zavunjululwa kwityala lekrele likaFu Chai, ukumkani waseWu (495-473 BC), kunye neziqwenga ezibini zeglasi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efunyenwe kwityala lekrele likaGou Jian, ukumkani waseYue (496-464 BC), ukumkani Chu, kwiPhondo Hubei, ingasetyenziswa njengobungqina. Iziqwenga ezibini zeglasi kwityala lekrele likaGou Jian zenziwa ngabantu baseChu phakathi kwexesha elilwa States ngokugalela indlela; Iglasi ekwicala lekrele le-Fucha inokukhanya okuphezulu kwaye yenziwe nge-calcium silicate. Iiyoni zobhedu zenza kube blue. Yenziwa kwakhona ngexesha laMazwe alwayo.
Ngeminyaka yee-1970, intsimbi yeglasi eqatywe ngesoda yeglasi yekalika (Dragonfly eye) yafunyanwa kwingcwaba likankosikazi uFucha, ukumkani waseWu kwiPhondo laseHenan. Ukubunjwa, ukumila kunye nokuhlobisa iglasi kufana nezo zemveliso yeglasi yaseNtshona Asia. Abaphengululi basekhaya bakholelwa ukuba yaziswa ivela eNtshona. Ngenxa yokuba iWu kunye neYue yayiziindawo eziselunxwemeni ngelo xesha, iglasi yayinokungeniswa eChina ngolwandle. Ngokutsho iglasi ukulinganisa jade Bi wavunjululwa kwezinye amangcwaba amancinci naphakathi eemfazweni States ixesha kunye pingminji, kunokubonwa ukuba uninzi lweglasi yasetyenziswa endaweni ware yejade ngelo xesha, nto leyo eyakhuthaza uphuhliso ishishini lokwenziwa kweglasi kwilizwe laseChu. Kukho ubuncinci iintlobo ezimbini zesanti enomkhenkce ezavunjululwa kumangcwaba e-Chu e-Changsha naseJiangling, afana nesanti enomkhenkce efunyenwe kumangcwaba aseZhou aseNtshona. Ziyakwazi ukwahlula zibe yinkqubo ye-siok2o, i-SiO2 - Cao) - inkqubo ye-Na2O, i-SiO2 - inkqubo ye-PbO Bao kunye ne-SiO2 - i-PbO - i-Bao - inkqubo ye-Na2O. Kunokuthatyathelwa ukuba iTekhnoloji yokwenza iglasi yabantu yeChu iye yaphuhliswa ngokwesiseko seWestern Zhou Dynasty. Okokuqala, isebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqamba, ezifana nenkqubo yokwakheka kweglasi ye-barium, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba le yinkqubo yokwakheka kweempawu eTshayina. Okwesibini, kwindlela yokwenza iglasi, ukongeza kwindlela engundoqo yokuntywila, ikwaphuhlise indlela yokubumba ukusuka kubumba lodongwe oluphoswe ngobhedu, ukwenza udonga lweglasi, intloko yekrele leglasi, ukubalasela kwekrele leglasi, ipleyiti yeglasi, amacici eglasi. kwaye nangokunjalo.
Kwixesha leBronze yelizwe lethu, indlela yokulahla i-dewaxing yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-bronzes. Ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukwenza iimveliso zeglasi ezinemilo enzima. Irhamncwa leglasi elavunjululwa kwingcwaba likaKumkani uChu e-beidongshan, eXuzhou, libonisa oku kunokwenzeka.
Ukususela ekubunjweni kweglasi, iteknoloji yokuvelisa kunye nomgangatho wokulinganisa iimveliso ze-jade, sinokubona ukuba i-Chu yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yokwenziwa kweglasi yamandulo.
Ixesha elisusela kwinkulungwane yesi-3 ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo ukuya kwinkulungwane yesi-6 ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo yiNtshona Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Jin and the southern and Northern Dynasties. Iikomityi zeglasi eziguquguqukayo eziluhlaza kunye neekomityi zeglasi zeglasi ezavunjululwa kwiPhondo laseHebei kwiNtshona yeHan Dynasty (malunga ne-113 BC) zenziwe ngokubumba. Iiglasi, izilo zeglasi kunye neengceba zeglasi ezivela kwingcwaba lenkosi yaseChu kwiNtshona Han Dynasty (128 BC) zafunyanwa eXuzhou, kwiPhondo laseJiangsu. Iglasi iluhlaza kwaye yenziwe ngeglasi ye-lead barium. Ifakwe umbala nge-copper oxide. Iglasi i-opaque ngenxa yecrystallization.
Abembi bezinto zakudala bavumbulule imikhonto yeglasi kunye nempahla yeglasi yejade kumangcwaba aphakathi nasekupheleni koLawulo lwaseNtshona Han. Ubuninzi bomkhonto weglasi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanyayo bungaphantsi kunobo beglasi ye-barium yelothe, efana naleyo yeglasi yekalika yesoda, ngoko ke kufuneka ibe yeyenkqubo yokwakheka kweglasi ye-soda yekalika. Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba yaveliswa ivela ngasentshona, kodwa ngokusisiseko imilo yayo iyafana naleyo yomkhonto wobhedu owafunyanwa kwezinye iindawo zaseTshayina. Ezinye iingcali kwimbali yeglasi zicinga ukuba inokwenziwa eTshayina. Iipilisi zeglasi yeYuyi zenziwe ngeglasi ye-lead barium, i-translucent, kwaye ibunjiwe.
I-Western Han Dynasty nayo yenze i-1.9kg emnyama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eguquguqukayo eludongeni lweglasi kunye ne-9.5cm ngobukhulu × Zombini ziyi-lead barium silicate glass. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukwenziwa kweglasi kuBukhosi bakwaHan ngokuthe ngcembe kuphuhliswe ukusuka kwimihombiso ukuya kwimveliso ebonakalayo efana neglasi ecaba, kwaye yafakelwe kwizakhiwo ukuze kukhanye emini.
Abaphengululi baseJapan banike ingxelo ngemveliso yeglasi yokuqala efunyenwe eKyushu, eJapan. Ukubunjwa kweemveliso zeglasi ngokusisiseko kufana nemveliso yeglasi ye-barium ehamba phambili ye-Chu state ngexesha le-Waring States kunye ne-Western Han Dynasty yokuqala; Ukongeza, umlinganiselo weisotopu okhokelayo wamaso eglasi etubula avunjululwa eJapan ayafana nalawo avunjululwa eTshayina ngexesha loBukhosi bukaHan nangaphambi koBukhosi bukaHan. Iglasi ye-barium ekhokelayo yinkqubo ekhethekileyo yokuqulunqa kwi-China yamandulo, enokubonisa ukuba ezi glasi zathunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-China. Abembi bezinto zakudala baseTshayina nabaseJapan baphinde babonisa ukuba iJapan yenza i-gouyu yeglasi kunye nemihlobiso yetyhubhu yeglasi eneempawu zaseJapan ngokusebenzisa iibhloko zeglasi kunye neetyhubhu zeglasi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zivela eChina, ebonisa ukuba kukho urhwebo lweglasi phakathi kweTshayina neJapan kwiHan Dynasty. I-China yathumela iimveliso zeglasi eJapan kunye neetyhubhu zeglasi, iibhloko zeglasi kunye nezinye iimveliso ezigqityiweyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-22-2021