Kubandakanya iLiqueur, ibhiya, iwayini, iLiqueur kunye nobunye utywala obunotywala obuhlukeneyo. Utywala benziwa ngokubiliswa, inkqubo apho igwele liqhekeza iswekile ibe lulwelo oluselwayo olubizwa ngokuba yiethanol.
Umxholo we-ethanol uphakathi kwe-0.5% kunye ne-75.5%, kwaye iqulethe izondlo ezithile kunye namacandelo e-flavour. Kukho amashumi amawaka eentlobo ngeentlobo zewayini ehlabathini, yaye izinto ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iwayini nesiqulatho sotywala sewayini nazo zahluka kakhulu. Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda kunye nememori, abantu bahlula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba iwayini ihlelwa ngokwezixhobo zemveliso, inokohlulwa ibe ziindidi ezisixhenxe: iwayini yengqolowa, iziqholo kunye newayini yezityalo, iwayini yeziqhamo, ubisi kunye newayini yeqanda, tyala iwayini ye-serous, i-mead kunye newayini exutywe.
Ngokwemathiriyeli ekrwada, iwayini ediyiweyo yangaphandle inokohlulwa ibe yibranti, iwhisky, ichivas kunye nerum.
1. Ibranti: Ibranti yiwayini ebilisiweyo, egayiweyo eyenziwe ngeziqhamo. Ibrandy, nanjengoko isaziwa, yiwayini eyenziwe ngomdiliya ngokuvubela kunye nokuphinda kuxutywe. Kwaye ezinye iziqhamo njengemathiriyeli ekrwada, ngendlela efanayo yokwenza iwayini, rhoqo phambi kwebranti enegama lezinto ezikrwada zeziqhamo ukwahlula uhlobo lwayo. IBrandy ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "ngumphefumlo wewayini". Maninzi amazwe avelisa ibranti ehlabathini, kodwa ibranti eveliswa eFransi yeyona yaziwayo.
Iimpawu ezidumileyo ze-cognac ziquka i-remy Martin, i-hennessy, i-camus kunye ne-royal deer hine.
IBrandy, imvelaphi yegama lesiDatshi elithi Brandewijn, lithetha “iwayini etshisiweyo”. Ngengqiqo emxinwa, ibhekisa ekuvubeleni kweediliya emva kokuxutywa kunye nokufumana iqondo eliphezulu lotywala, kwaye emva koko ukugcinwa kombhobho we-oki kunye newayini. I-Brandy yiwayini ehlanjululweyo, eneziqhamo njengezinto eziluhlaza, emva kokuvutshelwa, ukuxutywa, ukugcinwa kotywala. Iwayini ediyitiweyo ngomdiliya njengesixhobo ekrwada ibizwa ngokuba yibranti yomdiliya, idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yibranti, ibhekisa kwibranti yomdiliya. Kwezinye izinto ezikrwada zeziqhamo kwibranti, kufuneka yongeze igama lesiqhamo, ibranti yeapile, ibranti yecherry, kodwa ukuthandwa kwabo kungaphantsi kakhulu kuneyakudala inkulu.
IBrandy ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "ngumphefumlo wewayini". Maninzi amazwe avelisa ibranti ehlabathini, kodwa ibranti eveliswa eFransi yeyona yaziwayo. Kwaye kwibranti yeFrench homebreed, velisa indawo enecognac ingakumbi eyona intle, velisa indawo ye arwen yi next (yamanek) indawo. Ukongeza kwibranti yaseFransi, amanye amazwe avelisa iwayini, anjengeSpain, iItali, iPortugal, iUnited States, iPeru, iJamani, uMzantsi Afrika, iGrisi namanye amazwe, nawo avelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zebranti. Cis amazwe avelisa ibranti, umgangatho nako kuhle kakhulu.
· imvelaphi yembali
IBrandy yenye yewayini zasemzini. Iwayini ebizwa ngokuba yiwayini yasemzini eneneni ithetha iwayini yasentshona. IBrandy ligama lesiDatshi elithetha iwayini etshisiweyo. Iinqanawa zamaDatshi ezithwele ityuwa kunxweme lwaseFransi ngenkulungwane ye-13 zeza newayini ezivela kummandla we-cognac waseFransi ukuya kumazwe amelene nolwandle olusemantla, apho zazidume khona. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, ukwanda kwemveliso yewayini kunye nohambo olude ngolwandle lwenza ukuba iwayini yaseFransi iphelelwe lixesha kwaye ingathengiswa. Ngeli xesha, abarhwebi bamaDatshi abakrelekrele basebenzisa le wayini njengento ekrwada, igalelwe kwidiliya yewayini, imimoya enyibilikisiweyo enjalo ayiyi konakala ngokuhamba umgama omde kungekuphela nje, kwaye ngenxa yokuxinana okuphezulu kwenza imithwalo yempahla, intengiso yewayini yediliya yanda kancinci kancinci. , amaDatshi e-sharan aya kusekwa ngummandla wezixhobo ze-distillation ziye zaphucula ngokuthe ngcembe, amaFrentshi aqala ukuqonda iteknoloji ye-distillation, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwayo njengesibini. idistillation, kodwa ngelixesha lomdiliya wewayini ayinambala, into ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yibranti yokuqala ediyiweyo.
Ngowe-1701, iFransi yabandakanyeka kwimfazwe neSpeyin. Ngeli xesha, ukuthengiswa kweediliya kwawa kwaye izitokhwe ezinkulu kwafuneka zigcinwe kwimibhobho ye-oki. Emva kwemfazwe, abantu bafumanisa ukuba ibranti egcinwe kwimibhobho ye-oki iyamangalisa ngokwenene, imnandi, imnandi, inevumba elimnandi, umbala ucace gca, igolide e-amber, intle kwaye inobuhle. Kweli nqanaba, yavelisa iprototype yobugcisa bemveliso yebranti - ukuvubela, ukuhluzwa, ukugcinwa, nayo yabeka isiseko sophuhliso lwebranti.
IBrandy yavela eFransi, kwinkulungwane ye-12 AD, imveliso yecognac yewayini ithengiswe kumazwe aseYurophu, iinqanawa zabarhwebi bamazwe angaphandle zihlala zisiza kwi-charende coastal port ukuze zithenge iwayini yayo. Malunga embindini wenkulungwane ye-16, ukuququzelela ukuthunyelwa kwewayini kumazwe angaphandle, ukunciphisa ikhabhathi yokuthumela inqanawa kwaye ifunwa linani elikhulu lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwerhafu yomvuzo, kodwa kwakhona ukuphepha ngenxa yokuthuthwa komgama omde wewayini ewohlokayo, icognac. abarhwebi bewayini kwidolophu yewayini bathumela ngaphandle emva koxinzelelo lwedistillation, kwaye emva koko amanzi afunyanwayo efektri axutywe ngokomlinganiselo wokuthengisa. Le wayini idiliweyo yaziwa ngokuba yibranti yaseFransi yakuqala. Ngelo xesha, amaDatshi ayeyibiza ngokuthi “Brandewijn,” gama elo elithetha “Iwayini Etshisiweyo.”
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, eminye imimandla yase-France yaqala ukulandela indlela ye-cognac yokugalela iwayini, kwaye nge-France ngokuthe ngcembe yasasazeka kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu avelisa iwayini nakwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngowe-1701, iFransi yabandakanyeka "kwimfazwe yokulandelelana kweSpeyin" kwaye ibranti yaseFransi yavalwa. Abarhwebi kwafuneka bayigcine ibranti ngendlela efanelekileyo ukulungiselela eso sihlandlo. Basebenzisa idolophu ye-cognac rich oak ukwenza imiphanda ye-oki, ibranti egcinwe kwimiphanda yeplanga. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe ngowe-1704, abenzi bewayini bamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba ibranti engenambala ijike yaba ngumbala omhle we-amber. Ukususela ngoko, inkqubo yokuguga komgqomo we-oki, i-cognac ibe yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yokuvelisa, nalo lwasasazeka kwihlabathi ngokukhawuleza.
Emva kowe-1887, iFransi yatshintsha ukupakishwa kwebranti ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ukusuka kwibhokisi yeplanga ukuya kwibhokisi yeplanga kunye neebhotile. Ngokuphuculwa kokupakishwa kwemveliso, amaxabiso e-cognac nawo anyukile, ukunyuka okuthe gqolo kweentengiso. Ngokwezibalo, ukuthengiswa kwe-cognac minyaka yonke kufikelele kwi-300 yezigidi zeefrancs.
2. Iwhisky: iwhisky sisiselo esinxilisayo esenziwe ngeenkozo kuphela. Butywala obugayiweyo. Idla ngokusetyenziswa njengotywala obusisiseko bokuxutywa, phakathi kwazo ezona whiskeys zidumileyo nabameli ziiwhiskeys zaseScotland, iiwiski zaseIreland, iiwhiskeys zaseMelika kunye neewhiskeys zaseCanada.
Iimpawu ezidumileyo zewhisky ziquka uJim beam, iirozi ezine, ihashe elimhlophe, iTurkey yasendle, i-cutty sark, i-maker mar kunye no-johnnie walker.
· imvelaphi yembali
Ukusukela ngo-2014, imvelaphi yewhiskey ayaziwa, kodwa kuqinisekile ukuba iwhiskey iveliswe eSkotlani iminyaka engaphezu kwama-500 kwaye ithathwa njengendawo yokuzalwa yazo zonke iiwiski.
Ngokutsho kweScotch Whisky Association, iScotch Whisky yavela kwisiselo esibizwa ngokuba yi-Uisge Beatha, elithetha "amanzi ubomi."
Iwhiskey ngenkulungwane ye-15, ngakumbi njengeyeza elibandayo.
Ngenkulungwane ye-11, iimonki zaseIreland zafika eSkotlani ukuze zisasaze iVangeli, zihamba ne-distillation yewhiskey.
Ngowe-1780 kwakukho iidistileri ezisemthethweni ezisibhozo kuphela, xa kuthelekiswa nezingaphezu kwama-400 iidiliya ezingekho mthethweni zabo bonke ubukhulu. Kwakufuneka banqumle iikona ukuze bayenze, kwaye udumo lwewhiskey lwalusiya lusiba lubi.
Ngo-1823, ipalamente yaseBritani yamisela uMthetho weRhafu yokudala imeko yerhafu ekulula ukuyibhalisa kwi-distillers esemthethweni ngelixa ngamandla "icinezela" i-distillers engekho mthethweni, eyakhuthaza kakhulu uphuhliso loshishino lwe-whisky ye-scotch.
Ngomnyaka we-1831, ikholamu yaziswa eSkotlani, enokuthi ihlanjululwe ngokuqhubekayo, inyusa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-distillation, ngaloo ndlela yehlisa ixabiso le-whisky kwaye iyenze idume ngakumbi.
3. I-Chivas: i-chivas eyaziwayo kwihlabathi yeyona whiskey idumileyo ye-premium scotch. Ngumdibaniso wewhiskey, yeyona whiskey ibalaseleyo - ithambile kwaye ithambile, isitayile esisodwa, esibalaseleyo. Ngesitayile sayo esityebileyo, esikhethekileyo kunye nembali ende yeminyaka engaphezu kwama-200, i-chivas iye yaba yeyona whiskey ibalaseleyo emhlabeni.
Iimpawu ezidumileyo zechivas ziquka ivodka, iSoviet brand stolichnaya, finlandia, absolute absolute eSweden, irhanisi elingwevu eFransi, umthi wekhephu wepolish beveldere, iDutch van gogh kunye neNew Zealand ngaphantsi kwama-42 degrees 42 ngezantsi.
IChivas chivas, yasekwa ngo-1801 eAberdeen, eSkotlani, ngumvelisi wokuqala wehlabathi weewhiskey ezixutyiweyo kunye nomyili wokudityaniswa kathathu kweewhiskey. Abaseki yayinguYakobi noYohane chivas.
Eyaziwa ngokuba ngumseki "wokuzalwa kwengelosi", abazalwana bakaJames chivas kunye noJohn chivas chivas baba ngabokuqala ukwenza i-chivas chivas, uphawu olumele iwhisky epholileyo, ekhethekileyo kunye nebalaseleyo. I-Chivas chivas i-18-year whiskey isekelwe kwisithethe se-chivas chivas. Ukuze ubonise umgangatho wayo ophawulekayo, ibhotile nganye ye-chivas chivas ye-18 yeminyaka ye-whisky ye-scotch inomsayino ka-Colin Scott ngegolide, nto leyo bubungqina be-scotch whisky ecebileyo, ehloniphekileyo kunye nenhle.
I-Chivas regal yeyona whiskey idumileyo emhlabeni. Inkampani ye-chivas regal yasekwa e-Aberdeen, eSkotlani ngo-1801 ngabazalwana uJames noJohn chivas regal.
· imvelaphi yembali
UChivas regal, ummeli wewhisky edibeneyo, unobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nosapho lwasebukhosini baseBritane. Yaqala emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, xa abazalwana ababini, uJames “chivas” kunye “noJohn” chivas, babenevenkile ethengisa ukutya kwidolophu ephithizelayo yase-Aberdeen kunxweme lwaseSkotlani olukuMntla-mpuma. Baye bafumanisa ubugcisa bokudibanisa incasa ezininzi zewayini kunye nemfihlo yokugcina iwayini kwimiphanda ye-oki. Ekwindla ka-1842, ukumkanikazi uVictoria wenza utyelelo lwakhe lokuqala eSkotlani kwaye wayithanda indawo yayo entle kunye newhisky.
Elona qela liphezulu le-chivas, “i-royal salute 21 whisky”, yenziwa ngokukhethekileyo ngo-1953 ukubhiyozela ukuthweswa isithsaba kuka-Queen Elizabeth ii. Eli gama lisuka kwisithethe samandulo somkhosi wasemanzini wasebukhosini owadubula imipu engama-21 ngeyona ntlonipho iphakamileyo. Ubuzaza bezobuliso zasebukhosini bubonakala kukhetho oluqatha lwemiphanda ye-oki yotywala. Okokuqala, kufuneka yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuze ihlale ixesha elide. Okwesibini, kufuneka ukuba yayihlala i-sherry yaseSpain okanye i-bourbon yaseMelika. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba iwayini igugile ubuncinci iminyaka engama-21, kwaye ukungcola okusewayinini kuthwalwa ngumoya omtsha ngomoya we-oki, ngelixa iwhisky ikwafunxa ivumba le-oki.
Emva kweminyaka engama-21, obo tywala buye bancitshiswa baba ngama-60 ekhulwini kuphela, yaye kufuneka umxube okhethekileyo wezithako ukuze kuveliswe isikhahlelo sasebukhosini esityebileyo nesintsonkothileyo. Ukuba usaqala nje ngewhiskey kwaye ujonge into ekulula ukuyiqhela, i-CHIVAS REGEL ngokuqinisekileyo ikuluhlu. Le 12-year-old whiskey edibeneyo inobuntu obuthambileyo kunye nokuthungwa okugudileyo. Whisky ngaphandle kokwazi malunga CHIVAS REGEL kunye nomenzi wayo CHIVAS BROTHERS LTD kufana nokusela iwayini yesizwe ngaphandle kokwazi malunga moutai. U-CHIVAS umseki uJames CHIVAS waqala ukwenza iwhisky yakhe yokuqala exutywe, iROYAL GLEN DEE, ngo-1841, ngempumelelo enkulu. Ngowe-1843, ukumkanikazi uVictoria wamnika igama elithi “Purveyor of Grocery to Her Manesty.” Ithetha ngokukhululekileyo "umthengisi wasebukhosini," abazalwana uYakobi noJohn Chivas baseka ngokusemthethweni uChivas BROTHER ngo-1857. Ezinye zeempawu ezidumileyo, ezifana neRoyalStrathythan kunye neLoch Nevis, zaqala ukuveliswa ngeli xesha. Kwakumalunga neshumi lokugqibela lenkulungwane ye-19 apho i-CHIVASBROTHER yaqala ukuvelisa eyona mveliso idumileyo: CHIVAS REGAL.
4. IRum: sisipirithi esicoliweyo esenziwe ngemolasi yommoba, ekwaziwa ngokuba yirum, irum, okanye irum. Isuka eCuba, inencasa kwaye inevumba elimnandi enkalakahla
IRum, yimolasi yeswekile njengezinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuvelisa iwayini ediyiweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yiswekile, irum, irum. Isuka eCuba, inencasa kwaye inevumba elimnandi enkalakahla. Iramu yincindi ebilisiweyo, egayiweyo eyenziwe ngommoba. Ngokutsho kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokusela, i-rum inokwahlulwa ibe yi: iwayini emhlophe, i-rum endala yewayini, i-rum ekhanyayo, i-rum rhoqo, i-rum enamandla njalo njalo, iqulethe i-alcohol 38% ukuya kwi-50%, i-amber yotywala, i-brown, kodwa nayo. engenambala.
· imvelaphi yembali
Imvelaphi yerum ikwiriphabliki yaseCuba. I-Rum yiwayini yendabuko yaseCuba, i-republic yaseCuba rum yenziwe yinkosi njengezinto eziluhlaza zeswekile yeswekile eyenziwe ngeswekile kwimibhobho ye-oki emhlophe, emva kweminyaka emininzi yotywala ngononophelo, okubangele incasa eyodwa, engenakulinganiswa. , yaye ngaloo ndlela ube sisiselo esithandwayo samacuban. I-rum yimveliso yendalo eyenziwe kwimoba. Iyonke inkqubo yemveliso ukusuka ekukhethweni ngononophelo kwezinto ezikrwada, imveliso elandelayo ye-alcohol distillation, ukuguga kotywala beswekile, lulawulo olungqongqo kakhulu. Umgangatho we rum uxhomekeke kwiminyaka ye wayini, ukusuka kunyaka ukuya kwishumi leminyaka. Iinguqulelo ezintathu kunye nesixhenxe seminyaka, ngokuqhelekileyo zithengiswa kwiimarike, zinomxholo wotywala we-38 ° kunye ne-40 °, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye ziveliswa ngaphandle kotywala obunzima ukuze kugcinwe iphunga elimnandi. Imbali yeRum yaseCuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yeriphabliki yaseCuba.
UColumbus weza eCuba kuhambo lwakhe lwesibini oluya eMelika. Wazisa iingcambu zommoba kwiziqithi ze-canary. Into eyayingalindelekanga kukuba iingcambu zathatha indawo yegolide eyayifike kwesi siqithi, abantu bomthonyama ababeyibiza ngokuba yiCipango.
Kwisincoko ekhumbula uPopu Ferdinand noPopu Isabella, omnye umntu wabhala: “Iswekile egawulweyo ityalwa emhlabeni nganye nganye ize ikhule ibe sisiqwenga esikhulu.” Isimo sezulu saseCuba: umhlaba otyebileyo, amanzi kunye nokukhanya kwelanga kwavumela izityalo ezisanda kutyalwa ukuba zikhule malunga neenkosi zaseIndiya, kunye nommoba ukuba ukhule kwisiqithi.
Izixhobo zokuqala ezazisetyenziswa ngamaIndiya ukwenza incindi yemoba zazibizwa ngokuba yiLa Cunyaya. Kwandula ke kwafika oomatshini bokugaya iswekile abaqhutywa zizilwanyana (amahashe neenkomo), kwaza kwalandela oomatshini bokugaya iswekile kusetyenziswa ngakumbi izixhobo ezisebenza ngamandla okwenziwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi, kwaza ekugqibeleni kwasetyenziswa oomatshini beswekile bale mihla. Abasebenzi bokuqala bathatyathelwa indawo ngamakhoboka amnyama aziswa e-Afrika kwaye yaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ishishini leswekile kwiriphabliki yaseCuba. Ngo-1539, kumyalelo kaKing carlos v, kwavela ezinye iimveliso zeshishini leswekile, ezifana neswekile emhlophe, iswekile ekrwada, iswekile esulungekileyo, iswekile esulungekileyo, i-scum, i-scum ecocekileyo, i-sucrose paddle, i-sucrose honey, njl.
Umvangeli wasemazweni ongumFrentshi uJean Baptiste Labat ngowe-1663-1738 wabona “abantu bomthonyama, amaNegro neqaqobana labemi besi siqithi bekwimeko yabo yobuhlwempu, besenza isiselo esirhabaxa nesinxilisayo ngencindi yommoba. Emva kokusela kunokwenza abantu babe nemincili kwaye kunokuphelisa ukudinwa. Esi siselo senziwa ngokubiliswa. Abantu baseYurophu bayayazi le ndlela ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18. Emva kokuba abaphangi, abarhwebi beza eCuba. Omnye wabo, uFrancis. UDrake waziwa kakhulu ngokubiza isiselo esithandwayo esekwe kwi-sugar cane shaoxing iDraque.
Abantu baseCuba bathi utywala bommoba, benziwe ngencindi yeswekile yotywala obuvundisiweyo, eAntilles, eColombia, eHonduras naseMexico benza i-shochu, yenziwe ngemolasi yeswekile ngokuvutshelwa, umahluko kukuba iRiphabhlikhi yaseCuba icacile, kunye ivumba elimnandi, irum yaseCuban luphawu lwenkqubo yokuvelisa.
Ngo-1791, iCuba yalawula ukuthunyelwa kweswekile kumazwe aseYurophu emva kokuba izidubedube ezazisenziwa ngamakhoboka aseHaiti zitshabalalisa amashishini eswekile.
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, ngokungeniswa kwe-injini yomphunga, amasimi eswekile kunye ne-rum factory yanda kwiriphabliki yaseCuba, eCuba ngo-1837 yabeka uloliwe, ukuqaliswa koluhlu lwetekhnoloji ephezulu, kukho ezinxulumene ne itekhnoloji yokusela, i-colonial yaseSpain yagqiba ekubeni ithathe amanyathelo okuphuhlisa ngamandla ishishini leswekile yeriphabliki yaseCuba yavumela ukuthunyelwa kweriphabliki yeswekile.
Ukuqaliswa kobugcisa obutsha kwatshintsha inkqubo yokuvelisa. I-Cuba ivelisa i-rum yotywala obuncinci-i-rum ecocekileyo, epholileyo kunye nencasa ende, ehlala ixesha elide. Ukusela i-rum ibe yinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla eCuba. Abavelisi abaphambili yiHavana, cardenas, cienfuegos kunye neSantiago DE Cuba. I-Mulata, iSan Carlos, iBocoy, iMatusalen, iklabhu yaseHavana, i-Arechavala kunye ne-Bacardi zonyuse imveliso ngokumangalisayo emva kokuba oosomashishini baseCuba betshintshe iwayini eyenziwe ngezandla ngemveliso yebhetshi.
Ukusukela ngo-1966 ukuya ku-1967, zonke iiram ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka eCuba ukusukela ngoko zibhalwe ileyibhile yokuqinisekisa umgangatho obonisa umgangatho ophezulu kunye nokunyaniseka kwerum. Kukho iibrendi ezisithoba zale rum, njengentombazana exubeneyo, iSantero… Kwaye njalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-09-2019