Ngokwesigaba sokuthuthukiswa komlando, ingilazi ingahlukaniswa ingilazi yasendulo, ingilazi yendabuko, ingilazi entsha kanye nengilazi yesikhathi esizayo.
(1) Emlandweni wengilazi yasendulo, izikhathi zasendulo ngokuvamile zibhekisela enkathini yobugqila. Emlandweni waseShayina, izikhathi zasendulo zihlanganisa nomphakathi wamaShijian. Ngakho-ke, ingilazi yasendulo ngokuvamile ibhekisela engilazini eyenziwe ku-Qing Dynasty. Nakuba nayo ilingiswa namuhla, ingabizwa kuphela ngokuthi ingilazi endala ephukile, empeleni okuwumgunyathi wengilazi yasendulo.
I-2) Ingilazi yendabuko iwuhlobo lwezinto zengilazi kanye nemikhiqizo, njengengilazi eyisicaba, ingilazi yebhodlela, ingilazi yesitsha, ingilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa, ekhiqizwa indlela yokuncibilika kwe-supercooling ngamaminerali emvelo namatshe njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko.
(3) Ingilazi entsha, eyaziwa nangokuthi ingilazi entsha esebenzayo kanye nengilazi esebenzayo ekhethekile, ibhekisela engilazini enemisebenzi ethile efana nokukhanya, ugesi, uzibuthe, ukushisa, ikhemistri kanye ne-biochemistry, ngokusobala ehlukile endilazini yendabuko ekubunjweni kwayo, impahla eluhlaza. ukulungiswa, ukucubungula, ukusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa. Kuyinto yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, isikali esincane sokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, Okufana nengilazi yokugcina i-optical, ingilazi ye-waveguide emithathu-ntathu, ingilazi evuthayo ye-spectral hole nokunye.
(4) Kunzima ukunikeza incazelo enembile yengilazi yesikhathi esizayo. Kufanele kube ingilazi engase ithuthukiswe esikhathini esizayo ngokuvumelana nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi noma ukubikezela kwetiyori. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingilazi yasendulo, ingilazi yendabuko, ingilazi entsha noma ingilazi yesikhathi esizayo, konke kunokufana nokuhluka kwazo. Zonke zingama-amorphous solids anezici zokushisa ze-glass transition. Kodwa-ke, ubuntu bushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungukuthi, kukhona umehluko emisebenzini yangaphakathi nangaphandle ngezikhathi ezahlukene: isibonelo, ingilazi entsha ekhulwini lama-20 izoba ingilazi yendabuko ekhulwini lama-21; Esinye isibonelo ukuthi ingilazi encane yayiwuhlobo olusha lwengilazi ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960, kodwa manje isiyimpahla ekhiqizwa ngobuningi kanye nezinto zokwakha; Ngokufanayo, ingilazi ye-photonic iyinto entsha esebenzayo yocwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwesilingo. Eminyakeni embalwa, kungase kube ingilazi yendabuko esetshenziswa kabanzi.
Ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa kwengilazi, ihlobene eduze nesimo sezombangazwe nezomnotho zomphakathi ngaleso sikhathi. Kuphela ngokuzinza komphakathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho kungathuthuka ingilazi. Ngemva kokusungulwa kweShayina entsha, ikakhulukazi kusukela kwaba nezinguquko kanye nokuvulwa, ukukhishwa kwe-China kwengilazi eyisicaba, ingilazi yansuku zonke, imicu yengilazi kanye nengilazi ebonakalayo kukleliswe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Ekupheleni kuka-2008, inani lezintambo zekhebula zokuxhumana lafinyelela ku-6.76 million km, futhi umthamo wokukhiqiza obonakalayo kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe bekuhamba phambili emhlabeni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi nakho kuhlobene eduze nezidingo zomphakathi, okuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi. Ingilazi ibilokhu isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njengeziqukathi, futhi iziqukathi zengilazi zithatha ingxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwengilazi. Kodwa-ke, e-China yakudala, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-ceramic ware bathuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa, ikhwalithi yayingcono, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwakulula. Kwakuqabukela kudingekile ukuthuthukisa iziqukathi zengilazi ezingajwayelekile, ukuze ingilazi ihlale ekulingiseni ubucwebe nobuciko, ngaleyo ndlela ithinte ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi jikelele; Nokho, entshonalanga abantu bathanda izinto zengilazi ezisobala, amasethi ewayini nezinye iziqukathi, ezikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezitsha zengilazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ingilazi ukwenza amathuluzi optical kanye nezinsimbi zamakhemikhali entshonalanga ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yokuhlola, ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi yaseChina kusesiteji "se-jade yokulingisa", ngakho-ke kunzima ukungena esigodlweni. yesayensi.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, isidingo sobuningi nezinhlobonhlobo zezingilazi siyaqhubeka nokwanda, futhi izinga, ukwethembeka kanye nezindleko zengilazi nazo zikhokhelwa kakhulu. Isidingo samandla, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezemvelo zengilazi siya ngokuya sibonakala. I-Glass iyadingeka ukuze ibe nemisebenzi eminingi, izinsiza ezincane namandla, kanye nokungcoliswa okuncane kanye nokulimala kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kanye nomnotho ophansi we-carbon njalo kuyisiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yengilazi. Nakuba izidingo zokuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza zihlukile ezigabeni ezihlukene zomlando, isiqondiso esijwayelekile siyafana. Ngaphambi kwenguquko yezezimboni, ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi yethu kwakusebenzisa izinkuni njengophethiloli, amahlathi agawulwa, futhi imvelo yacekelwa phansi: ekhulwini le-17, iBrithani yakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu kwaziswa, ngakho kwasetshenziswa iziko ezishisayo ezibaswa ngamalahle. Ngekhulu le-19, i-regenerator pool yethulwa; ekhulwini lama-20, kwasungulwa ukuncibilika kukagesi; ngekhulu lama-21, ukuncibilika okungekhona okwendabuko kwasetshenziswa, okungukuthi, esikhundleni se-pool yendabuko kanye ne-crucible, i-module melting, ukuncibilika komlilo wokucwiliswa, ukuhlanza okumanzi kwe-vacuum, ukuncibilika kwe-plasma yamandla aphezulu, njll. Phakathi kwazo, ukuncibilika kwe-modular, ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum kanye Ukuncibilika kwe-plasma beam kuye kwahlolwa ekukhiqizeni. Ukuncibilika kwe-modular kusekelwe enqubweni yenqwaba yokushisisa ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20, engonga u-6.5% kaphethiloli. Ngo-2004, inkampani yase-Owens Illinois yase-United States yenza isivivinyo sokukhiqiza, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwendlela yokuncibilika yendabuko kungu-7-5 w / KS. A, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kokuncibilika kwe-modular kungu-5 mu/kgam, Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kungonga ngo-333%. Ngokuqondene nokucaciswa kwe-vacuum, ikhiqizwe ethangini elingu-20td eliphakathi nendawo elicebile, elinganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe ngama-30%. Ngesisekelo sokucaciswa kwe-vacuum, isistimu yokuncibilika yesizukulwane esilandelayo (NGMS) enesivinini esikhulu sokuncibilika, i-homogenization kanye nokucindezela okubi kuye kwasungulwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-11-2021