Ngokwesigaba sokuthuthukiswa komlando, ingilazi ingahlukaniswa ingilazi yasendulo, ingilazi yendabuko, ingilazi entsha kanye nengilazi ephuzile.
(1) Emlandweni, ingilazi yasendulo ngokuvamile ibhekisela enkathini yobugqila. Emlandweni waseShayina, ingilazi yasendulo ihlanganisa nomphakathi we-feudal. Ngakho-ke, ingilazi yasendulo ngokuvamile ibhekisela engilazini eyenziwe ku-Qing Dynasty. Nakuba ilingiswa namuhla, ingabizwa kuphela ngengilazi yasendulo, empeleni okuwumgunyathi wengilazi yasendulo.
(2) Ingilazi yendabuko iwuhlobo lwezinto zengilazi kanye nemikhiqizo, njengengilazi eyisicaba, ingilazi yebhodlela, ingilazi yezitsha, ingilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa, ekhiqizwa indlela yokuncibilika kwe-supercooling ngamaminerali emvelo namadwala njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko.
(3) Ingilazi entsha, eyaziwa nangokuthi ingilazi entsha esebenzayo kanye nengilazi esebenzayo ekhethekile, iwuhlobo lwengilazi ngokusobala ehlukile kunengilazi evamile ekubunjweni kwayo, ukulungiswa kwempahla eluhlaza, ukucutshungulwa, ukusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa, futhi inemisebenzi ethile efana nokukhanya, ugesi, uzibuthe, ukushisa, amakhemikhali kanye ne-biochemistry. Kuyinto yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, isikali esincane sokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, Okufana nengilazi yokugcina i-optical, ingilazi ye-waveguide emithathu-ntathu, ingilazi evuthayo ye-spectral hole nokunye.
(4) Kunzima ukunikeza incazelo enembile yengilazi yesikhathi esizayo. Kufanele kube ingilazi engase ithuthukiswe esikhathini esizayo ngokuvumelana nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi noma ukubikezela kwetiyori.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingilazi yasendulo, ingilazi yendabuko, ingilazi entsha noma ingilazi yesikhathi esizayo, konke kunokufana nokuhluka kwazo. Zonke zingama-amorphous solids anezici zokushisa ze-glass transition. Kodwa-ke, ubuntu bushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungukuthi, kukhona ukungafani komqondo kanye nokwandiswa ngezikhathi ezahlukene: isibonelo, ingilazi entsha ekhulwini lama-20 izoba ingilazi yendabuko ekhulwini lama-21; Esinye isibonelo ukuthi izitsha zobumba zengilazi zaziwuhlobo olusha lwengilazi ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960, kodwa manje isiyimpahla ekhiqizwa ngobuningi kanye nezinto zokwakha; Njengamanje, ingilazi ye-photonic iyinto entsha esebenzayo yocwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwesilingo. Eminyakeni embalwa, kungase kube ingilazi yendabuko esetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa kwengilazi, kuhlobene eduze nesimo sezombangazwe nezomnotho ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuzinza komphakathi kuphela kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho okungathuthukisa ingilazi. Ngemuva kokusungulwa kweShayina entsha, ikakhulukazi selokhu kwaba nezinguquko kanye nokuvulwa, amandla okukhiqiza aseShayina kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe lengilazi eyisicaba, ingilazi yansuku zonke, imicu yengilazi kanye ne-optical fiber bekuhamba phambili emhlabeni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi nakho kuhlobene eduze nezidingo zomphakathi, okuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi. Ingilazi ibilokhu isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njengeziqukathi, futhi iziqukathi zengilazi zithatha ingxenye enkulu yokuphuma kwengilazi. Kodwa-ke, e-China yakudala, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-ceramic ware bathuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa, ikhwalithi yayingcono, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwakulula. Kwakuqabukela kudingekile ukuthuthukisa iziqukathi zengilazi ezingajwayelekile, ukuze ingilazi ihlale ekulingiseni ubucwebe nobuciko, ngaleyo ndlela ithinte ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwengilazi; Kodwa-ke, entshonalanga, abantu bathanda izinto zengilazi ezisobala, amasethi ewayini nezinye iziqukathi, okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezitsha zengilazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ingilazi ukwenza amathuluzi optical kanye nezinsimbi zamakhemikhali entshonalanga ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yokuhlola, ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi yaseChina kusesigabeni "se-jade efana" futhi kunzima ukungena esigodlweni. isayensi.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, isidingo sobuningi nezinhlobonhlobo zezingilazi siyaqhubeka nokwanda, futhi izinga, ukwethembeka kanye nezindleko zengilazi nazo ziya ngokuya zihlonishwa. Isidingo samandla, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezemvelo zengilazi siya ngokuya siphuthuma. Ingilazi iyadingeka ukuze ibe nemisebenzi eminingi, ithembele kancane ezinsizeni namandla, futhi yehlise ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nomonakalo.
Ngokwalezi zimiso ezingenhla, ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi kufanele kulandele umthetho womqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kohlaza kanye nomnotho ophansi we-carbon njalo kuyisiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwengilazi. Nakuba izidingo zokuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza zihlukile ezigabeni ezihlukene zomlando, inkambiso evamile iyafana. Ngaphambi kwenguquko yezimboni, izinkuni zazisetshenziswa njengophethiloli ekukhiqizeni ingilazi. Amahlathi agawulwa nemvelo yacekelwa phansi; Ngekhulu le-17, iBrithani yakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni, ngakho kwasetshenziswa iziko lomlilo elibaswa ngamalahle. Ngekhulu le-19, kwaqalwa iziko lethangi lokuvuselela kabusha; Isithando somlilo esincibilikisa ugesi sasungulwa ngekhulu lama-20; Ekhulwini lama-21, kukhona umkhuba obheke ekuncibilikeni okungekhona okwendabuko, okungukuthi, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izithando zendabuko kanye nezinsimbi, ukuncibilika kwe-modular, ukuncibilika komlilo ongaphansi kwamanzi, ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum kanye nokuncibilika kwe-plasma yamandla aphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, ukuncibilika kwe-modular, ukucaciswa kwe-vacuum kanye nokuncibilika kwe-plasma kuhlolwe ekukhiqizeni.
Ukuncibilika kwe-Modular kwenziwa ngesisekelo senqubo yokushisa i-batch phambi kweziko ngekhulu lama-20, elingasindisa u-6.5% kaphethiloli. Ngo-2004, inkampani yase-Owens Illinois yenza isivivinyo sokukhiqiza. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngendlela evamile yokuncibilika kwakungu-7.5mj/kga, kuyilapho indlela yokuncibilikisa yamamojula yayingu-5mu / KGA, konga u-33.3%.
Ngokuqondene nokucaciswa kwe-vacuum, ikhiqizwe ku-20 t / D i-medium-size tank kiln, enganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncibilika nokucaciswa cishe ngama-30%. Ngokwesisekelo sokucaciswa kwe-vacuum, uhlelo lokuncibilika kwesizukulwane esilandelayo (NGMS) selusunguliwe.
Ngo-1994, i-United Kingdom yaqala ukusebenzisa i-plasma ukuhlola ukuncibilika kwengilazi. Ngo-2003, i-United States Department of Energy and glass industry association yenza i-high-intensity plasma melting E glass, i-glass fiber encane yokuhlola isithando somlilo, yonga ngaphezu kuka-40% wamandla. I-ejensi entsha yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemboni yamandla yase-Japan iphinde yahlela i-Asahi nitko kanye ne-Tokyo University of technology ukuthi basungule ngokuhlanganyela indawo yokuhlola engu-1 T/D. Iqoqo lengilazi liyancibilika lapho lindiza ngokushisa kwe-plasma yomsakazo. Isikhathi sokuncibilika singamahora angu-2 ~ 3 kuphela, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele kwengilazi eqediwe kungu-5.75 MJ/kg.
Ngo-2008, uXunzi wenza isivivinyo sokunwetshwa kwengilazi ye-soda eyi-100t, isikhathi sokuncibilika safinyezwa saba ngu-1/10 wesokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwehliswe ngo-50%, Co, cha, ukukhishwa okungcolile kwehliswe ngo-50%. I-ejensi yezokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe entsha yase-Japan (i-NEDO) ihlela ukusebenzisa i-1t soda lime yokuhlola ingilazi yengilazi ukuze ixutshwe, ukuncibilika endizeni kuhlanganiswe nenqubo yokucacisa i-vacuum, futhi ihlela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncibilika ku-3767kj/kg ingilazi ngo-2012.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-22-2021