Uhlelo lokumisa
1 Amazinga nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zamabhodlela engilazi
isigatshana 52 soMthetho Wokuphathwa Kwezidakamizwa we-People's Republic of China siyabeka: “Izinto zokupakisha neziqukathi ezithintana ngqo nemithi kufanele zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwemithi kanye namazinga okuphepha.” I-athikili 44 ye-Implementation Regulations of the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China ithi: Izinyathelo zokuphatha, ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo, kanye nezidingo zemithi kanye namazinga wezinto ezipakishwayo zemithi neziqukathi akhiwe futhi ashicilelwe umnyango olawula izidakamizwa woMkhandlu Wombuso. . "Ngokwezidingo zemithetho nemithetho eshiwo ngenhla, i-State Drug Administration ihlele ngamaqoqo kusukela ngo-2002. Yakha futhi yakhipha izindinganiso ezingu-113 zeziqukathi zokupakisha imithi (izinto) (kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zokukhululwa ezihleliwe zika-2004), kuhlanganise namazinga angu-43 ebhodlela lengilazi lomuthi. iziqukathi zokupakisha (izinto), kanye nenani lamazinga libalelwa ku-38% yenani lamazinga asendaweni okupakishwa kwezidakamizwa. Ububanzi obujwayelekile buhlanganisa iziqukathi zokupakisha zebhodlela lengilazi elenziwe imithi zamafomu ahlukahlukene omjovo afana nemijovo yempushana, imijovo yamanzi, imijovo, amaphilisi, amaphilisi, uketshezi lomlomo kanye ne-lyophilized, imigomo, imikhiqizo yegazi namanye amafomu omthamo. Uhlelo lokumisa ibhodlela lengilazi yezokwelapha oluphelele futhi olujwayelekile selwekhiwe ekuqaleni. Ukwakhiwa nokukhishwa kwalawa mazinga, ukushintshwa kwamabhodlela engilazi yokwelapha neziqukathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi yemithi, ukusheshisa ukuhlanganiswa nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuthazwa nokulawulwa kwabanempilo. , ukuhleleka, nokuthuthuka ngokushesha kwemboni yengilazi yaseShayina eyenza imithi , Inencazelo ebalulekile nendima.
Amabhodlela engilazi okwelapha ayizinto zokupakisha ezithintana ngqo nemithi. Bathatha ingxenye enkulu emkhakheni wezinto zokupakisha ezenza imithi, futhi banezakhiwo ezingenakubuyiseleka kanye nezinzuzo. Izindinganiso zabo zinomthelela obalulekile kwikhwalithi yokupakishwa kwemithi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni.
Uhlelo lwemithi
2 Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha
Ngokwezindinganiso ze-State Drug Administration zokwenza izinto zokupakisha zemithi ezihlukaniswe ngezinto ezibonakalayo, into eyodwa (izinhlobonhlobo) nezinga elilodwa, kunamazinga angu-43 amabhodlela engilazi okwelapha akhishiwe futhi azokhululwa. Ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ngokohlobo olujwayelekile. Kunamazinga emikhiqizo angama-23 esigabeni sokuqala, okuyi-18 kuwo akhishiwe, kanti ama-5 ahlelelwe ukuthi akhishwe ngo-2004; Izindinganiso eziyi-17 zendlela yokuhlola yohlobo lwesibili, okuyi-10 yazo ikhishwe, futhi isi-7 ihlelelwe ukuthi ikhishwe ngo-2004. Kunamazinga ayisisekelo ama-3 esigaba sesithathu, esi-1 sawo esishicilelwe, esi-2 esizokhishwa ngo-2004. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-23 zamazinga omkhiqizo esigabeni sokuqala, ezihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezingu-8 ngokwezinhlobo zomkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa "Amabhodlela Omjovo Abunjiwe" 3 "Amabhodlela Omjovo Alawulwayo" 3 "Amabhodlela Okufaka Ingilazi" 3 "Amabhodlela Emithi Yesikhunta" 3 "Ishubhu Izinto ezi-3 zemithi “Zamabhodlela”, izinto ezi-3 “zamabhodlela Oketshezi Omlomo Alawulwayo”, izinto ezi-3 “zama-Ampoules” nezinto ezi-3 “Zamashubhu Okwelapha Engilazi” (Qaphela: Lo mkhiqizo uwumkhiqizo oseqedwe kancane wokucubungula amabhodlela okulawula ahlukahlukene kanye ama-ampoules).
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinto zokubopha, kufaka phakathi izinto eziyi-8 zengilazi ye-borosilicate. Ingilazi ye-Borosilicate ihlanganisa α = (4 ～ 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 ～ 300 ℃) ingilazi engathathi hlangothi kanye no-α = (3. 2 ~ 3. 4) × 10 (-6) K (- 1) (20 ~ 300 ° C) 3.3 ingilazi ye-Borosilicate. Lolu hlobo lwengilazi lwenziwe ngengilazi yamazwe ngamazwe engathathi hlangothi, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ingilazi ye-Class I noma izinto ze-Class A. Kukhona izinto ezingu-8 zengilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi, futhi ingilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi i-α = (6.2 kuya ku-7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 kuya ku-300 ℃). Lolu hlobo lwezinto zengilazi luyingilazi yaseChina eyingqayizivele engathathi hlangothi engakwazi ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Class B material. Ingilazi ye-soda-lime 7 izinto, ingilazi ye-soda-lime ingu-α = (7.6 kuya ku-9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) (20 kuya ku-300 ℃), lolu hlobo lwezinto zengilazi zivame ukuvuthwa, futhi ingaphezulu alikwazi ukumelana namanzi Ukusebenza kufinyelela ezingeni lesi-2.
Kunamazinga ayi-17 ohlobo lwesibili lwezindlela zokuhlola. Lezi zindinganiso zendlela yokuhlola ngokuyisisekelo zihlanganisa izinto ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola ezifana nokusebenza nezinkomba zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhodlela engilazi emithi. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zamakhemikhali engilazi kwengeze ukusebenza okusha kokumelana namanzi ngokuhambisana namazinga e-ISO Ukutholwa kokumelana ne-alkali ne-asidi kunikeza izindlela zokuthola okwengeziwe, ezibanzi nezingokwesayensi zokuhlonza ukuqina kwamakhemikhali ukuze kujwayelwe imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. amabhodlela engilazi yokwelapha emithini yezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye namafomu omthamo. Ukuqinisekisa izinga lamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha futhi ngaleyo ndlela izinga lemithi lizodlala indima ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuthola inani le-leaching yezinto eziyingozi zengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwamabhodlela engilazi emithi. Izindinganiso zendlela yokuhlola zamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha kudingeka ziphinde zengezwe. Isibonelo, indlela yokuhlola yokumelana nokukhumula okungazweli kwe-alkali kwama-ampoules, indlela yokuhlola yamandla aphukile, kanye nendlela yokuhlola yokumelana nokushaqeka okubanda konke kunethonya elibalulekile kwikhwalithi nasekusetshenzisweni kwamabhodlela engilazi okwenziwa imithi.
Kunamazinga angu-3 ayisisekelo esigabeni sesithathu. Phakathi kwazo, "Izindlela Zokuhlukaniswa Nezivivinyo Zamabhodlela Engilazi Yezokwelapha" kubhekisela ku-ISO 12775-1997 "Izindlela Zokuhlukaniswa Nokuhlola Zengilazi Ekukhiqizeni Okukhulu Okukhulu Okujwayelekile". Ukuhlukaniswa kokwakheka kwebhodlela namazinga endlela yokuhlola anencazelo ecacile yokuhlukanisa izinto zengilazi kwezinye izimboni. Amanye amazinga amabili ayisisekelo akhawulela izakhi eziyingozi zezinto zengilazi, umthofu, i-cadmium, i-arsenic, ne-antimony, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi.
Izici zamabhodlela okwelapha
3 Izici zezinga lebhodlela lengilazi yokwelapha
Izinga lebhodlela lengilazi lemithi liyigatsha elibalulekile lesistimu evamile yezinto zokupakisha zemithi. Njengoba amabhodlela engilazi okwelapha ethintana ngqo nemithi, futhi eminye yayo idinga ukugcinwa isikhathi eside, ikhwalithi yamabhodlela engilazi yokwelapha ihlobene ngokuqondile nekhwalithi yemithi futhi ihilela impilo yomuntu nokuphepha. Ngakho-ke, izinga lamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha linezidingo ezikhethekile neziqinile, ezifingqiwe ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Kuhlelekile futhi kuphelele, okuthuthukisa ukukhethwa kwamazinga omkhiqizo futhi kunqobe ukushiyeka kwamazinga emikhiqizweni
Umkhiqizo ofanayo ohlonzwe ngezinga elisha usekelwe esimisweni sokwenza izindinganiso ezihlukene ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezihlukene, ezinweba kakhulu ububanzi bezinga, zithuthukise ukusebenza nokukhetha kwemithi emisha ehlukahlukene kanye nezidakamizwa ezikhethekile ezintweni zengilazi ezahlukene kanye nokusebenza okuhlukile. imikhiqizo, kanye nezinguquko Amazinga emazingeni omkhiqizo jikelele asalela emuva ekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo.
Isibonelo, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingu-8 zemikhiqizo yebhodlela lengilazi yokwelapha ehlanganiswe yizinga elisha, izinga ngalinye lomkhiqizo lihlukaniswe izigaba ezi-3 ngokuya ngezinto ezibonakalayo nokusebenza, isigaba sokuqala ingilazi ye-borosilicate, isigaba sesibili ingilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi, kanti eyesithathu Ikilasi ingilazi ye-soda lime. Nakuba umkhiqizo othile wohlobo oluthile lwempahla ungakakhiqizi, amazinga alolu hlobo lomkhiqizo afakiwe, okuxazulula inkinga yokusalela ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ejwayelekile. Izinhlobo ezehlukene zezidakamizwa ezinamabanga ahlukene, izakhiwo ezihlukene, ukusetshenziswa okuhlukene kanye namafomu omthamo unokuguquguquka okwengeziwe nokukhetha okukhulu kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo namazinga.
Kucaciswe incazelo yengilazi ye-borosilicate kanye nengilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi. Izinga lamazwe ngamazwe ISO 4802. 1-1988 “Water Resistance of Glassware and Glass Containers' Inner Surfaces. Ingxenye 1: Ukuzimisela kanye Nokuhlelwa Ngokubhala Titration.” I-Glass) ichazwa njengengilazi equkethe i-5 kuya ku-13% (m / m) ye-boron trioxide (B-2O-3), kodwa i-ISO 12775 "Ukuhlukaniswa kokwakheka kwengilazi nezindlela zokuhlola zokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba evamile" eyakhishwa ngo-1997 Incazelo ye-borosilicate ingilazi (kuhlanganise nengilazi engathathi hlangothi) iqukethe i-boron trioxide (B-2O-3) engaphezu kuka-8% (m / m). Ngokwezinga lamazwe ngamazwe lango-1997 lezimiso zokuhlukaniswa kwengilazi, izinto zengilazi ezingaba ngu-2% (m/m) we-B-2O-3, osekuyiminyaka eminingi zisetshenziswa embonini yamabhodlela yengilazi yaseShayina iminyaka eminingi, akufanele kuthiwe. ingilazi ye-borosilicate noma ingilazi engathathi hlangothi. Ukuhlola kufakazela ukuthi okunye ukumelana namanzi kwezinhlayiya zengilazi kanye nokuhlola ukumelana namanzi ebusweni bangaphakathi kwalezi zinsiza akufinyeleli kuLeveli 1 kanye ne-HC1, noma kuphakathi kwemiphetho Yeleveli 1 kanye Nezinga 2. Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele futhi ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinhlobo yengilazi izoba nokwehluleka kokungathathi hlangothi noma ukuxebuka uma isetshenziswa, kodwa lolu hlobo lwengilazi selusetshenziswe eChina iminyaka eminingi. Izinga elisha ligcina lolu hlobo lwengilazi futhi licacisa i-B-2O- yalo Okuqukethwe kwe-3 kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ze-5-8% (m / m). Kuchazwa ngokucacile ukuthi lolu hlobo lwengilazi alukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ingilazi ye-borosilicate (noma ingilazi engathathi hlangothi), futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ingilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi.
Yamukela ngenkuthalo amazinga e-ISO. Amazinga amasha ahambisana namazinga omhlaba. Amazinga amasha abhekisela ngokugcwele kumazinga e-ISO kanye namazinga ezimboni kanye ne-pharmacopoeia yase-United States, eJalimane, eJapane nakwamanye amazwe asethuthukile, futhi ahlanganise izimo zangempela zomkhakha wamabhodlela wengilazi wezokwelapha waseShayina ezicini ezimbili zezinhlobo zezingilazi nezinto zengilazi. Kufinyelelwe ezindinganisweni zamazwe ngamazwe.
Izinhlobo zezinto zengilazi: Kunezinhlobo ezingu-4 zengilazi ezingeni elisha, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingu-2 zengilazi ye-borosilicate, kuhlanganise nengilazi engu-3.3 ye-borosilicate [α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] Futhi 5.0 0 ingilazi engathathi hlangothi [α = (4 kuya ku-5) × 10 (-6) K (-1)], ingilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi [α = (6.2 kuya ku-7. 5) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ] 1 uhlobo, ingilazi ye-soda-lime [α = (7.6 ~ 9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1)] 1 uhlobo, ngakho-ke kunezinhlobo ezingu-4 zengilazi ngokwempahla.
Ngenxa yokuthi ingilazi ye-soda ye-lime ihlanganisa inqwaba yokwelashwa kwendawo engathathi hlangothi ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-5 ngokuya komkhiqizo. Izinhlobo ezi-4 ezingenhla zengilazi kanye nezinhlobo ezi-5 zemikhiqizo yengilazi zihlanganisa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe, i-US Pharmacopoeia kanye namabhodlela engilazi ezokwelapha aqondene ne-China. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emikhiqizweni engu-8 embozwe yizinga, ama-ampoule kuphela athuthukise izindinganiso ezi-2, "ama-ampoules engilazi e-borosilicate" kanye "nama-ampoules engilazi e-borosilicate aphansi," kanye nohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-α = (4 kuya ku-5) × 10 (-6) I-K (-1) yengilazi engu-5.0 ye-borosilicate ngaphandle kuka-α = (3. 3 ± 0. 1) × 10 (-6) K (-1) ka-3. 3 ingilazi ye-borosilicate Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi awukho umkhiqizo onjalo emhlabeni. , futhi iphuzu lokuthambisa lengilazi engu-3.3 ye-borosilicate liphakeme, okwenza kube nzima ukuvala i-ampoule. Eqinisweni, indinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ine-ampoule yengilazi engu-5.0 ye-borosilicate kuphela, futhi ayikho i-ampoule yengilazi engu-3.3 ye-borosilicate kanye ne-soda-lime glass ampoule. Ngokuphathelene nama-ampoules engilazi e-borosilicate aphansi e-China eyingqayizivele, ama-ampoules engilazi angama-5.0 e-borosilicate awakakhi isikhathi esithile sokukhiqiza okuzinzile eChina ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, futhi angasetshenziswa kuphela njengomkhiqizo wenguquko. Ekugcineni, ingilazi ephansi ye-borosilicate isanqunyelwe. I-Ampoule, thuthukisa i-ampoule yengilazi engu-5.0 ye-borosilicate ukuze uzuze ukuhlanganiswa okugcwele namazinga omhlaba kanye nemikhiqizo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukusebenza kwempahla yengilazi: I-coefficient yokwandisa okushisayo engu-α ecaciswe ezingeni elisha, ingilazi engu-3.3 ye-borosilicate kanye nengilazi ye-borosilicate engu-5.0 ihambisana ngokuphelele nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Ingilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi ihlukile e-China, futhi azikho izinto ezinjalo kumazinga omhlaba. I-ISO yengilazi yesoda-lime ibeka u-α = (8 ～ 10) × 10 (-6) K (-1), futhi indinganiso entsha ithi α = (7.6–9. 0) × 10 (-6) K (-1) , Izinkomba ziqinile kancane kunezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Ezingeni elisha, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zengilazi engu-3.3 ye-borosilicate, ingilazi ye-borosilicate engu-5.0 kanye nengilazi ye-soda-lime engu-121 ° C ihambisana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidingo zokwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-boron oxide (B-2O-3) ezinhlotsheni zengilazi ezintathu zihambisana ngokugcwele namazinga omhlaba.
Ukusebenza komkhiqizo wengilazi: Ukusebenza komkhiqizo okubalulwe ezingeni elisha, ukumelana namanzi angaphezulu, ukumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa, nezinkomba zokumelana nokucindezela kwangaphakathi kuyahambisana namazinga omhlaba. Inkomba yokucindezeleka yangaphakathi yezinga le-ISO ibeka ukuthi i-ampoule ingu-50nm / mm, eminye imikhiqizo ingu-40nm / mm, futhi izinga elisha libeka ukuthi i-ampoule ingu-40nm / mm, ngakho-ke inkomba yokucindezeleka yangaphakathi ye-ampoule iphakeme kancane kune-ampoule. I-ISO ejwayelekile.
Isicelo sebhodlela lezokwelapha
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zebhodlela lengilazi yezemithi
Imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kanye nezinto ezihlukene zakha uhlelo olujwayelekile lokunqamula, oluhlinzeka ngesisekelo nemibandela eyanele yeziqukathi zengilazi zesayensi, ezinengqondo nezifanele zezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi. Ukukhethwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi ehlukahlukene ngamafomu emithamo ahlukene, izakhiwo ezihlukene kanye namabanga ahlukene amabhodlela engilazi emithi kufanele kulandele lezi zimiso ezilandelayo:
Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali
Izimiso Zokuzinza Kwamakhemikhali Ezinhle Nezifanelekile
Isitsha sengilazi esisetshenziselwa ukubamba zonke izinhlobo zezidakamizwa kufanele sihambisane kahle nesidakamizwa, okusho ukuthi, ekukhiqizeni, ekugcinweni nasekusetshenzisweni komuthi, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zesitsha sengilazi akumele zingazinzi, futhi izinto ezithile phakathi akufanele zenzeke. Ukwehluka noma ukungasebenzi kwemithi okubangelwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, iziqukathi zengilazi ezenziwe ngengilazi ye-borosilicate kufanele zikhethelwe imithi ephezulu efana namalungiselelo egazi kanye nemigomo, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-asidi eqinile kanye namalungiselelo omjovo wamanzi e-alkali, ikakhulukazi amalungiselelo anamandla e-alkaline umjovo wamanzi, kufanele futhi zenziwe ngengilazi ye-borosilicate. . I-low-borosilicate glass ampules esetshenziswa kabanzi e-China ayifanele ukuqukatha amalungiselelo omjovo wamanzi. Izinto ezinjalo zengilazi kufanele zishintshe kancane kancane zibe izinto zengilazi ezingu-5.0 ukuze zihambisane nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izidakamizwa ezikuzo azisetshenziswa. I-off-chip, hhayi i-turbid, futhi ayiwohloki.
Ukuze uthole imijovo ye-powder evamile, amalungiselelo omlomo kanye ne-infusions enkulu, ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi ye-borosilicate ephansi noma ingilazi ye-soda-lime engathathi hlangothi isengakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zayo zokuzinza kwamakhemikhali. Izinga lokugqwala kwemithi engilazini ngokuvamile liwuketshezi likhulu kunezinto eziqinile futhi i-alkalinity inkulu kune-asidi, ikakhulukazi imijovo yamanzi ane-alkaline enamandla inezidingo eziphezulu zokusebenza kwamakhemikhali kumabhodlela engilazi emithi.
Imelana nokuwohloka kokushisa
Ukumelana okuhle noshintsho olusheshayo lokushisa
Ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezahlukene zomthamo wezidakamizwa, ukomisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, inzalo noma ukomisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokushisa kuyadingeka ohlelweni lokukhiqiza, okudinga ukuthi isitsha sengilazi sibe nekhono elihle futhi elifanele lokumelana nokushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa ngaphandle kokuqhuma. . Ukumelana kwengilazi ekushintsheni kokushisa okusheshayo kuhlobene ikakhulukazi ne-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo. Lapho i-coefficient ephansi yokwanda kwe-thermal, iqinisa ukumelana kwayo nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Isibonelo, amalungiselelo amaningi okugoma asezingeni eliphezulu, amalungiselelo ezinto eziphilayo kanye namalungiselelo e-lyophilized ngokuvamile kufanele asebenzise ingilazi ye-borosilicate engu-3.3 noma ingilazi ye-borosilicate engu-5.0. Lapho ingilazi ephansi ye-borosilicate ekhiqizwa eShayina ishintsha ngokushesha umehluko wokushisa, ngokuvamile ivame ukuqhuma futhi iwise amabhodlela. Ingilazi ye-borosilicate yaseShayina engu-3.3 inentuthuko enkulu, le ngilazi ifaneleka ngokukhethekile amalungiselelo e-lyophilized, ngoba ukumelana kwayo nokuguquka okungazelelwe ekushiseni kungcono kunengilazi engu-5.0 ye-borosilicate.
Amandla omshini
Amandla amahle futhi afanelekile emishini
Izidakamizwa ezinhlobonhlobo zemithamo zidinga ukumelana nezinga elithile lokumelana nemishini ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuthuthwa. Amandla omshini wamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha kanye neziqukathi azihlobene kuphela nokuma kwebhodlela, usayizi wejometri, ukucubungula okushisayo, njll, kodwa futhi namandla omshini wezinto zeglasi. Ngokwezinga elithile, amandla omshini wengilazi ye-borosilicate angcono kunengilazi ye-soda-lime.
Ukukhishwa kanye nokuqaliswa kwezindinganiso ezintsha zamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha kuyadingeka ukuze kusungulwe uhlelo oluphelele nolwesayensi lokumisa, ukusheshisa ijubane lokuhlanganiswa nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinto zokupakisha zemithi, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemithi, ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Izodlala indima enhle. Vele, njengalo lonke uhlelo olujwayelekile lwezinto zokupakisha ezenza imithi, kusenezinkinga eziningi ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa, zithuthukiswe, futhi zipheleliswe ohlelweni olujwayelekile lwamabhodlela engilazi okwelapha, ikakhulukazi ukujwayela ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezemithi. kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Faka isicelo. Ukwakhiwa, okuqukethwe kanye nezinkomba zamazinga, kanye nezinga izinga lamazinga omhlaba amukelwa ngalo futhi ngokuhambisana nezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe konke kudinga ukulungiswa okufanele kanye nokwengezwa ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa.
Ibhodlela lengilazi namazinga okuhlola amathangi:
Indlela yokuhlola yokucindezeleka kwezimbiza zengilazi: ASTM C 148-2000 (2006).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-06-2019