Ingaphezulu lengilazi elichayeke emkhathini ngokuvamile lingcolile. Noma iyiphi into engenamsebenzi namandla angaphezulu angcolile, futhi noma yikuphi ukwelashwa kuzodala ukungcola. Ngokwesimo somzimba, ukungcoliswa komhlaba kungaba igesi, uketshezi noma okuqinile, okukhona ngesimo se-membrane noma i-granular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwezici zayo zamakhemikhali, ingaba se-ionic noma i-covalent state, i-inorganic noma i-organic matter. Kunemithombo eminingi yokungcola, futhi ukungcola kokuqala kuvame ukuba yingxenye yenqubo yokwakheka kwendawo ngokwayo. I-Adsorption phenomenon, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, inqubo yokuvuza nokomisa, ukwelashwa ngomshini, inqubo yokusabalalisa kanye nokuhlukanisa konke kwandisa ukungcola okungaphezulu kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluningi lwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa kudinga izindawo ezihlanzekile. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokunikeza imaski ebusweni, ubuso kufanele buhlanzeke, ngaphandle kwalokho ifilimu nobuso ngeke buhambisane kahle, noma bunamathele kuso.
IngilaziCukuncikaMindlela
Kunezindlela eziningi ezivamile zokuhlanza ingilazi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanza i-solvent, ukuhlanza ukushisa nokushisa ngemisebe, ukuhlanza nge-ultrasonic, ukuhlanza ukukhishwa, njll.
Ukuhlanza i-solvent kuyindlela evamile, ukusebenzisa amanzi aqukethe i-ejenti yokuhlanza, i-dilute acid noma i-solvent anhydrous efana ne-ethanol, i-C, njll, i-emulsion noma i-solvent vapor nayo ingasetshenziswa. Uhlobo lwe-solvent esetshenzisiwe luncike esimweni sokungcola. Ukuhlanzwa kwe-solvent kungahlukaniswa ngokukhuhla, ukucwiliswa (okuhlanganisa ukuhlanza i-asidi, ukuhlanzwa kwe-alkali, njll.), ukuhlanza isifutho sokukhipha umusi nezinye izindlela.
UkukhuhlaGintombi
Indlela elula yokuhlanza ingilazi ukuhlikihla ubuso ngekotini elimuncayo, elicwiliswa engxubeni yothuli olumhlophe oluna, utshwala noma i-ammonia. Kunezimpawu zokuthi iminonjana kashoki ingashiywa kulezi zindawo, ngakho-ke lezi zingxenye kufanele zihlanzwe ngokucophelela ngamanzi ahlanzekile noma i-ethanol ngemva kokwelashwa. Le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ekuhlanzeni kwangaphambili, okuyisinyathelo sokuqala senqubo yokuhlanza. Cishe kuyindlela evamile yokuhlanza ukusula phansi kwelensi noma isibuko ngephepha lelensi eligcwele i-solvent. Lapho i-fiber yephepha le-lens ihlikihla indawo engaphezulu, isebenzisa i-solvent ukuze ikhiphe futhi isebenzise amandla aphezulu okusheya uketshezi ezinhlayiyeni ezinamathiselwe. Ukuhlanzeka kokugcina kuhlobene ne-solvent kanye nokungcola ephepheni le-lens. Iphepha ngalinye lelensi liyalahlwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa kanye ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kabusha. Izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka kwendawo lingafinyelelwa ngale ndlela yokuhlanza.
UkucwiliswaGintombi
Ukucwiliswa kwengilazi kungenye indlela yokuhlanza elula nevame ukusetshenziswa. Imishini eyisisekelo esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza emanzini iyisitsha esivulekile esenziwe ngengilazi, ipulasitiki noma insimbi engagqwali, egcwele isisombululo sokuhlanza. Izingxenye zengilazi ziboshwe nge-forging noma ziboshwe nge-clamp ekhethekile, bese zifakwa kwisixazululo sokuhlanza. Inganyakaziswa noma cha. Ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini isikhathi esifushane, ikhishwa esitsheni, Izingxenye ezimanzi bese zomiswa ngendwangu kakotini engangcolisiwe futhi zihlolwe ngokukhanya kwensimu emnyama. Uma ukuhlanzeka kungahlangabezani nezidingo, kungacwiliswa oketshezini olufanayo noma esinye isisombululo sokuhlanza futhi ukuphinda inqubo engenhla.
I-AcidPicklingTo BvukaGintombi
I-Pickling ukusetshenziswa kwama-asidi wamandla ahlukahlukene (kusuka ebuthaka ukuya kuma-asidi aqinile) nezingxube zawo (njengengxube ye-asidi ne-sulfuric acid) ukuhlanza ingilazi. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ingilazi ehlanzekile, wonke ama-acids ngaphandle kwe-hydrogen acid kufanele ashiselwe aze afike ku-60 ~ 85 ℃ ukuze asetshenziswe, ngoba i-silicon dioxide akulula ukuncibilika ngama-acids (ngaphandle kwe-hydrofluoric acid), futhi kuhlale kune-silicon enhle ebusweni bengilazi yokuguga, Ukushisa okuphezulu kuyasiza ekuhlakazweni kwe-silica. Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi ingxube yokupholisa ye-dilution equkethe u-5% HF, 33% HNO2, 2% isihlanzi se-teepol-l cationic kanye no-60% H1o iwuketshezi olujwayelekile oluhle kakhulu lokushelela ingilazi yokuwasha nesilika. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-pickling ayifanele zonke izibuko, ikakhulukazi izibuko ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-barium oxide noma i-lead oxide (njengezibuko ezithile zokukhanya), Lezi zinto zingadonswa ngisho ne-asidi ebuthakathaka ukuze zakhe uhlobo lwe-silica ye-thiopine. .
I-AlkaliWumlothaAnd GintombiAukulungisa
Ukuhlanza ingilazi ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-caustic soda (NaOH solution) ukuhlanza ingilazi. Isixazululo se-NaOH sinamandla okwehlisa nokukhipha amafutha. Izinto ezifana ne-grease ne-lipid zingafakwa zibe usawoti ofakazela i-grease acid nge-alkali. Imikhiqizo yokusabela yalezi zixazululo ezinamanzi ingahlanzwa kalula endaweni ehlanzekile. Ngokuvamile kuthenjwa ukuthi inqubo yokuhlanza izokhawulelwa kungqimba olungcolile, kodwa ukugqwala okuncane kwezinto ezisekelayo kuvunyelwe, okuqinisekisa ukuphumelela kwenqubo yokuhlanza. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukugqwala okuqinile kanye nemiphumela ye-leaching akulindelekile, okuzolimaza ikhwalithi ephezulu futhi kufanele kugwenywe. Izingilazi ezingazweli ngamakhemikhali neziphilayo zingatholakala kumasampula omkhiqizo wengilazi. Izinqubo ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi zokucwiliswa kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuhlanza umswakama wezingxenye ezincane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-21-2021