Ukugaya Ingilazi

Ukuqopha ngengilazi ukuqopha nokuqopha imikhiqizo yengilazi ngemishini yokugaya ehlukahlukene. Kwezinye izincwadi, kubizwa ngokuthi “ukulandela ukusika” kanye “nokudweba”. Umbhali ucabanga ukuthi kunembe kakhulu ukusebenzisa ukugaya ukuze kubaze, ngoba kugqamisa umsebenzi wesondo lokugaya ithuluzi, ukuze kubonakale umehluko kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuqopha imimese kwezobuciko bendabuko nemisebenzi yezandla; Uhla lokugaya nokuqoshwa lubanzi, kufaka phakathi ukuqopha nokuqoshwa. Ukugaya nokuqopha engilazini kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

(1) Umdwebo wendiza (umdwebo) oqoshiwe engilazini ukuze uthole amaphethini namaphethini ahlukahlukene kubizwa ngokuthi ukuqoshwa kwengilazi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlangothi ezintathu, ukuqoshwa kwendiza lapha akubhekiseli endizeni enengilazi eyisicaba njengesisekelo, kuhlanganise namavazi engilazi agobile ahlukahlukene, izindondo, izikhumbuzo, imibukiso, njll., kodwa ikakhulukazi kubhekiselwa emaphethini wendawo enezinhlangothi ezimbili, Iningi wengilazi ephucuziwe ukuqoshwa kwendiza.

(2) Isithombe esiqoshiwe siwuhlobo lomkhiqizo oqopha isithombe phezu kwengilazi, engahlukaniswa ibe ukukhululeka okungajulile (ukukhululeka kwangaphakathi okuzacile) nokukhululeka okukhulu. Isithombe esiqoshiwe esingajulile sibhekisela empumelelweni yokuthi isilinganiso sokujiya kwesithombe esisodwa kanye nogqinsi lwento yangempela ukusuka emugqeni wokuma kuya endaweni yokukhululeka cishe ku-1/10; Ukukhululeka okuphezulu kubhekisela ekukhululekeni lapho isilinganiso sokujiya kwesithombe esisodwa kuya kogqinsi lwento yangempela ukusuka emugqeni wokuma kuya endaweni yokukhulula idlula u-2 / 5. Ukukhululeka kulungele ukubukwa ohlangothini olulodwa.

(3) Ukubaza okuyindilinga kuwuhlobo oluqoshiwe lwengilazi olunganamathiselwe kunoma yisiphi isizinda futhi olufanele ukubongwa kwama-engeli amaningi, okuhlanganisa ikhanda, isifuba, umzimba wonke, amamodeli eqembu kanye nezilwane.

(4) I-Semicircle ibhekisela ohlotsheni oluqoshiwe lwengilazi olusebenzisa inqubo yokubaza eyindilinga ukuze iqophe ingxenye eyinhloko edinga ukuvezwa, futhi ilahle ingxenye yesibili ukuze yakhe ingxenye eyindilinga yokubaza.

(5) Ukuqoshwa komugqa kubhekisela ekuqoshweni okungaphezulu kwengilazi enomugqa we-Yin noma umugqa weYang njengomumo oyinhloko. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa ngokuqinile ukuqoshwa komugqa ekuqoshweni kwendiza.

(6) I-Openwork isho ukukhululeka kokuvala ingilazi phansi. Ungabona indawo engemuva kwempumuzo kusukela ngaphambili ngokusebenzisa isikhala esiphansi.

Ngenxa yokusebenzisa isikhathi sokuqoshwa kwengilazi eyindilinga, ukubaza okuyindilinga kanye nokubaza okuvulekile, ingilazi ivamise ukulolongwa ibe yi-roughcast, bese iyagaywa futhi ibazwe. Lena ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yobuciko. Ukukhiqizwa okuvamile ukuqoshwa komugqa, impumuzo kanye nemikhiqizo yengilazi yokubaza indiza.

Ukuqopha ngengilazi kunomlando omude. Ngekhulu lesi-7 BC, izinto zengilazi eziphucuziwe zavela eMesopotamiya, futhi ePheresiya kusukela ekhulwini lesi-7 BC kuya ekhulwini lesi-5 BC, amaphethini e-lotus aqoshwa phansi kwamapuleti engilazi. Ngesikhathi se-Achaemenid yaseGibhithe ngo-50 BC, ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi yomhlabathi kwaphumelela kakhulu. Ngekhulu lokuqala AD, abantu baseRoma basebenzisa isondo ukuze baqophe imikhiqizo yengilazi. Kusukela ku-700 kuya ku-1400 isikhangiso, izisebenzi zengilazi zamaSulumane zasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obune bokuqopha nokusiza ukucubungula ingaphezulu lengilazi nokwenza ingilazi yokusiza. Maphakathi nekhulu le-17, i-Ravenscroft, indoda yaseNgilandi, yabeka phansi futhi yaqoshwa ingilazi yekhwalithi yomthofu. Ngenxa yenkomba yayo ephezulu ye-refractive kanye nokuhlakazeka, nokucaca okuhle, ingilazi yekristalu eholayo yakha isici esibushelelezi ngemva kokugaya. Lolu hlobo lwe-multi-eddge facet luthuthukisa kakhulu umphumela wokuphindwa kwengilazi futhi lukhiqize ukukhanya okunezinhlangothi eziningi phezu kwengilazi, okwenza imikhiqizo yengilazi icace kakhudlwana futhi icwebezele, futhi ithuthukise umuzwa wobuhle bemikhiqizo yengilazi, Yiba yi imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yengilazi, okungukuthi ukugaya nokuqopha imikhiqizo yengilazi. Kusukela ngo-1729 kuya ku-1851, ifektri yaseWaterford e-Ireland nayo yakha ingilazi yengilazi yengilazi ephansi, eyenza ingilazi yengilazi yaseWaterford yaduma emhlabeni wonke ngodonga lwayo oluwugqinsi kanye nejiyomethri ejulile. Yasungulwa ngo-1765 efektri yengilazi yase-baccarat, eFrance, ingilazi yekristalu egayiwe ekhiqizwayo ingenye yengilazi egaywe kakhulu eYurophu, ebizwa ngengilazi ye-baccarat futhi ehunyushwa nangokuthi ingilazi ye-baccarat. Kukhona futhi i-Swarovski ne-Bohemia yokugaya ingilazi eyikristalu, njengebhola lekristalu lokugaya lika-Swarovski, elisikwa bese ligaywa libe yimiphetho engu-224. Ukukhanya kubonakala kusuka endaweni engaphakathi yamaphethelo amaningi futhi kunqanyuliwe kusuka emaphethelweni nasemakhoneni. Lawa maphethelo namakhona aphinde asebenze njengama-prism futhi abolise kancane ukukhanya okumhlophe kube yimibala eyisikhombisa eyi-iridescence, okubonisa ukucwebezela okumangalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingilazi ephansi yebhizinisi le-orefors eSweden nayo ingeyekhwalithi ephezulu.

Inqubo yokugaya ingilazi nokuqopha ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukuqoshwa nokuqoshwa.

Ukuqoshwa kwengilazi

Ingilazi eqoshiwe iwuhlobo lomkhiqizo olusebenzisa isondo elijikelezayo kanye nesondo elihuqayo noma elimery ukwengeza amanzi ukwenza indiza yengilazi ibe amaphethini namaphethini.

Izinhlobo zokuqopha ingilazi

Ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bokucutshungulwa kanye nomphumela, imbali yengilazi ingahlukaniswa ibe ukuqopha onqenqemeni nokudweba utshani.

(1) Umdwebo onqenqemeni (umdwebo omuhle, ukudweba okujulile, ukudweba okuphendukayo) ugaya futhi ubaze indawo yengilazi ibe indawo ebanzi noma eyi-angular, futhi uhlanganise amaphethini athile namaphethini anemisele engunxantathu yokujula okuhlukene, njengenkanyezi, i-radial, ipholigoni, njll. ., ngokuvamile okuhilela izinqubo ezintathu: ukugaya okuqinile, ukugaya nokupholisha.

Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwamathuluzi, izingxenye eziyisisekelo zephethini yonqenqema ziyiphoyinti eliyindilinga, umlomo obukhali (itheku eliqinile lokusanhlamvu elifushane emikhawulweni yomibili), ibha enkulu (umsele ojulile ende), usilika, ukulungiswa kwendawo, njll. ngemva kokwenza lula nokuguqulwa, izilwane, izimbali nezitshalo zingaboniswa. Izici zalezi zingxenye eziyisisekelo zimi kanje:

① Amachashazi angahlukaniswa abe yindingilizi egcwele, i-semicircle kanye ne-ellipse. Zonke izinhlobo zamachashazi zingasetshenziswa zodwa, zihlanganiswe futhi ziqoqwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomlomo obukhali, zingandisa izinguquko.

I-Jiankou Jiankou ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili, eziningi zazo ezisesimweni sokuhlanganisa. Amaphethini ahlanganisiwe ajwayelekile yi-Baijie, i-rouzhuan, i-fantou, imbali, i-snowflake nokunye. I-Baijie ingakhiqiza i-Eccentric Baijie, i-Baijie engenalutho, i-Baijie yangaphakathi nokunye, futhi izinguquko eziningi zingavela uma inombolo ye-Baijie ihlukile. Amaphethini anenhlanganisela yomlomo obukhali asetshenziswa njengomzimba oyinhloko onqenqemeni lokuqopha.

③ Usilika wuhlobo lophawu lwemisele emincane futhi engashoni. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zikasilika zinikeza abantu umuzwa othambile futhi othambile ekuqoshweni kwemoto

Isiqondiso nenani elihlukile likasilika liyaluka, elingabonisa ukuphakama okukhulu okufana nokuma kwetshe eliyigugu nokuma kwechrysanthemum, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 18-41.

④ Amabha awugqinsi futhi ajulile. Imigoqo igobile futhi iqondile. Imigoqo eqondile ibushelelezi futhi mihle. Imigoqo isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlukanisa indawo futhi yakhe uhlaka lwamathambo. I-refraction yengilazi ibonakala ngokuyinhloko yibo.

① Umlomo, phansi kanye naphansi kwezitsha, kanye nezindawo lapho kunzima khona ukwenza ukucubungula iphethini enhle, kuvame ukuphathwa ngonqenqema.

Ngokuhlanganisa kanye nokuguqulwa, izakhi ezinhlanu ezingenhla zingabonisa izilwane, izimbali nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela zakha izinhlobonhlobo zemidwebo.

Umthetho wokuqhathanisa kufanele usetshenziswe ngokugcwele ekwakhiweni kwephethini enqenqemeni, futhi ibha ewugqinsi nenamandla kufanele iqhathaniswe neso elithambile. Kufanele sinake ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlukanisa yebha enkulu, hhayi njenge-monotonous njenge-chessboard. Ukwakheka kwebha enkulu kufanele kuminyene kahle, ukuze kugwemeke ukufutha. Singaphinda sisebenzise umehluko phakathi kwe-transparent ne-matte, engokoqobo kanye ne-abstract ukuze siqhubeke siyenze ibe yinhle iphethini.

Isimiso esihlanganisiwe sibaluleke ngokufanayo ekwakhiweni kwamaphethini okuqopha onqenqemeni. Izakhi ezihlukene zokuhlobisa akufanele zisetshenziswe kakhulu futhi zixube kakhulu, okungukuthi, izakhi ezinjengamachashazi namehlo e-arithmetic akufanele zibhalwe ndawonye. Uma umumo wesondo kuyisampula eyinhloko, amanye amasampuli kufanele abe sesimweni sogibe. Eminye imikhiqizo yengilazi yokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle isebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa lwesici ukwenza amachashazi. Ngamafuphi, umklamo wephethini wengilazi eqoshiwe enqenqemeni eqediwe kufanele ucabangele umthetho wokuqhathanisa nobunye, okungukuthi, ukufuna ubunye ngokuphambene nokuhlanganisa umehluko ebunyeni. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho kungaba okucacile futhi okungokwemvelo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ukuvumelana futhi kuzinzile ngaphandle kwe-monotony.